Molecular Biology Flashcards

-mRNA complementary to DNA (U replaces T)

- RNA assembled in 3'-5' direction in DNA transcribed 5'-3' direction in RNA

- divide into 3 letter codon 5'-3' direction

- find codon to identify 3 letter abbreviation for amino acid that corresponds to each codon

- performed by ribosomes of reading mRNA and a synthesizing protein

- RNA as amino acid and binds to codon of mRNA to tRNA

- initiation, the translation start codon of mRNA

- amino acid attached to tRNA by enzymes

Transcription - pre-mRNA, sn-RNA, mRNA

Translation - rRNA, tRNA

Not used - RNA primer

Create two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell

Cancer is the result of uncontrolled mitosis

Chromosomes duplicate to form sister chromatids

2n=2

Exclusively in reproductive organs

Daughter nuclei that are also diploid

- produced after steps of RNA processing

- template for protein synthesis

- carries genetic info from nucleus to cytoplasm

creates a polypeptide (sequence of amino acids) based on sequence of nucleotides in a mRNA molecule

Create an mRNA molecule based on the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule

- Incorporation of carbon into inorganic compounds, begins with CO2 from air into organic molecules present in chloroplast

- Occurs in Calvin Cycle in stroma

Changes in genetic material of a cell

Chemical changes in just one base pair

- Silent

- Missense

- Nonsense

- Insertion results in nonsense

- Deletion results in missense

-Initiation - start codon binds with tRNA with amino acid MET

- Elongation - mRNA code is read and polypeptide built correctly

- Termination - stop codon binds to a release factor and a polypeptide is released

- H-Bonds to peptide

- Peptide bonds to connect peptides

- mRNA shifts making more codons available to start cycle again

-tRNA brings specific amino acid to matching codon in the ribosomes

- ribosome translation happens polypeptide is form

- Info for coding is non-coded introns regions

- Exons for coding regions expressed

- Splicing takes out introns and connects exons together

- Tail - adenine nucleotides at end forms a tail of RNA (AAA)

- 5' cap added begins transcription recognizing signal for ribosomes to bind to mRNA

- 3' end bind with AAA

Transcription unit, segment of DNA to be transcribed into RNA

- Initiation - involved promotes TATA box and transcription factors

- Elongation - RNA polymerase adds nucleus to the 3' end of the growing molecule

- Termination - specific sequence of DNA signals transcription to stop

- RNA transcript is released

- Starts with primer ends with terminator

- Poly A tails in transcription unit DNA sequence that signals transcription to translation AAA

- RNA polymerase does not need any primers, does not require a promoter

- Promoter, beginning of gene, a specific nucleotide sequence nucleotide sequence nucleotide sequence that signals the transcription start point

- TATA box is an important promoter in eukaryotes

- Triplet code series of non-overlapping three nucleus words transcribes words of a gene

(Transcription)

Catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecule other than oxygen accept electrons at the downhill end of the electron transport chain

- Chromosomes duplicated, uncondensed

- Two centrosomes with two centrioles formed by duplication of a single centrosome regions that organize microtubules of spindle

- NE encloses nucleus

RNA polymerase are joined to one another by spliceosomes, exons are expressed, 5' cap consists of modified guanine nucleotide

DNA-RNA-Protein

Three base sequence of mRNA

Before molecule of mRNA can be translated into a protein on the ribosome, mRNA must be transcribed from sequence of DNA

Catabolic for organic molecule using O2 as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain, ultimately producing ATP, most efficient catabolic pathway used in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms

- Occurs in the thylakoid

- Split H20 and releases O2

- reduce electron acceptor NADP+ to NADPH

- generate ATP from ADP by phosphorylation

- NAD+ accepts high energy electrons

- Chromosomes begin to condense

- Duplicated

- Nucleus intact

- Coiling happens

- Mitotic Spindle forms

- 2 daughter nuclei form

- chromosomes less condensed

- mitosis complete

- cytokinesis divides cell

- separate unduplicated chromosomes

- NO NE

- each chromosome becomes 2 daughter chromosomes

- cell begins to elongate

- microtubules shorten, pulling chromosomes toward opposite poles

- centrosomes at opposite end of cell

- microtubules now attached to kinetochores at each sister chromatin

- align down plate

- NE breaks up

- attaching to kinetochores

- most condensed form

- beginning to line up

- centrosomes move begin to connect

- CO2 is reduced

- ATP is hydrolyzed and NADPH is oxidized

- CO2 combines with 5 carbon compound

movement of H+ through membrane, chemiosmosis diffusion of H+ through ATP synthesis provides energy to produce ATP

is reduced then carries electrons to the Calvin Cycle

NADH provides reducing power by donating electrons and ATP provides energy which is converted to ADP

Is formed across the Thylakoid Membrane, in chloroplasts the electron transport chain pumps protons from the stroma to the thylakoid space, these locations are separated by thylakoid membranes

Inputs - CO2, ATP, NADPH

Outputs- Sugar, ADP, NADPH+, Pi

Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis produce ATP and DANPH, which are then used in glucose synthesis during Calvin Cycle

Cycle begins by incorporating CO2 from air into organic molecules already present in chloroplast. Calvin Cycle, then reduces the fixed carbon into carbs by the addition of electrons.

Highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cells, nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units calles nucleosomes

Autotrophs, self feeders - sustain self without eating anything derived from other living beings, produce inorganic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from their environment - Producers

Heterotrophs - other feeders, rely on other organisms for organic carbon from which to build cells and obtain energy - Consumers, may eat producers, other consumers including dead producers or consumers

Carbon enters cycles as CO2 and leaves as GP3, 3 revolutions to produce one G3P, uses all ATP and NADPH from light reaction, products are ADP and NADP+

Converts light energy to chemical energy, uses ATP and NADPH splits H2O releases CO2 into atmosphere

Self-feeders, producers, creates organic carbon molecules from inorganic CO2 and other inorganic starting materials

All cells are haploid

Microscopic pores in leaf, CO2 enters and O2 exits

Rely on other organisms for organic compounds, consumers

Cellular organelle (plastid) where photosynthesis takes place

Chloroplasts found mainly in cells, tissue in interior of leaf

Chloroplast has 2 membranes surrounded in a dense fluid

Connected sac in chloroplast which compose a 3rd membrane system, separates stroma from thylakoid space

Pigments can only observe certain wavelengths of light, absorb blue and red the rest is reflected, we can see green, the rest of the visible light is reflected

Biochemical reaction in plants by which chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

Synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed during photosynthesis

Chlorophyll can only absorb certain wavelengths of lights

Reproduction

Growth

Tissue Repair

Entirety of a cells genetic material

Packaged typically very long segment of DNA, involved proteins called histones in eukaryotes

Both processes produce ATP for cell use

Fermentation does not use O2

O2 is not present, pyruvate undergoes fermentation, NADH and H+ from glycolysis will be reduced back NAD+ so glycolysis can continue

Acts as an electron shuttle, when O2 not present

O2 is produced from H2O via a series of reactions associated with photosystem II

Centrisomes with centriole pairs

NE

Nucleus

Chromosomes duplicated and uncondensed

Entire complex of DNA and protein that is the building of material of chromosome

Phenomenon where the output of a process is used as an input to control the behavior of the process itself, oftentimes limiting the production of more product. Although negative feedback is used in the context of inhibition, negative feedback may also be used for promoting a certain process.

Appear in sugar molecules and in H2O

H20, splitting H2O

Thylakoid Membranes, embedded

Through stomata

CO2

In higher plants thylakoids are organized into a granum-stroma membrane assembly. A granum (plural grana) is a stack of thylakoid discs. Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana. Grana are connected by stroma thylakoids, also called intergranal thylakoids or lamellae.

any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width that allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces

Chloroplasts are found, tissue in the interior of the leaf

Complex of proteins with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division to which the microtubules attach

Segregates chromosomes to 2 daughter cells during mitosis, major structural element of the spindle are microtubules

Organelle near nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles in an animal cell and form which the spindle fibers develop in cell division

Each sister chromatid has a centrosome region made up repetitive sequences in the chromosomal DNA where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid

System is formed by reaction center, light harvesting complexes primarily electron acceptors that cluster located in thylakoid membrane

Each duplicated chromosome consists of 2, which are joined copies of the original chromosome

Electrons become excited, has more energy potential

Forms NAD+ to be used in Calvin Cycle

Adds nucleotides after Primase, attaches nucleotides to form DNA strand, replaces RNA with DNA

Enzyme joins fragments with sugar backbone to continuous DNA strand

Starts complimentary RNA chain, enzyme puts down primers as starting points for copying DNA

Can't move in same direction, because moving in 5' - 3' direction fragments find primer synthesize, need a naked prime end

Protein, swivels breaks down and rejoins DNA strand

Made in fragments, okazaki, 5'-3' direction copying DNA, needs a naked 3' prime end

Enzyme, that unzips double helix of DNA at replication fork

Creates a 3' end start point, by primase drops on a naked 3' end for DNA Polymerase, duplication of DNA will begin here

5'-3' direction of sequence of DNA being copied, new DNA copied

Short stretches of a sequence of DNA, begins at specific locations within chromosomes, where DNA is copied,

Major structural component of ribosomes, involved in binding of both RNA and tRNA

Implement genetic code, translates info from sequence of nucleotides to sequence of amino acid that make protein

Produce inorganic CO2 into organic molecules

Causes wild type amino acid replicated with different amino acid

Stop codon

No change in wild type amino acid sequence

Substitution missense affects only 1 codon, frameshift missense affects all codons downstream

Silent or Missense

UUU

transfer amino acid to growing polypeptide change, molecule involved in translation of mRNA

biological catalyst made of RNA

Introns are removed

Extrons are expressed

Unwinds double helix and adds nucleotides to growing strand of RNA

after Promoter

DNA-RNA-Protein

Addition or Deletion

would not change reading frame of gene sequence that follows mutation

yes, only 1

found in cytoplasm, site of translation

Exons, expressed regions

small RNAs and proteins

Poly A tail added, long string of adenine

5' cap consists of guanamine

5'-3'

region of DNA at which process of transcription begins

untwists a portion of DNA double helix

3....amino acids

mRNA

amino acids, monomers

RNA processing

translation, info encoded in RNA is used to synthesize a polypeptide

histones

depends on action of DNA polymerase

single stranded DNA binding proteins

joins okasaki fragments

leading strand synthesized in same direction as movement of fork

lagging strand opposite direction

template

responsible for catalyzing formation of RNA primer

RNA primer complementary to a preexisting strand, synthesis of DNA stand begins with formation of RNA primer

each new strand of DNA is double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

ligase

template

RNA primer complementary to a preexisting strand

DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in 5'-3' direction

replication forks and replication bubbles, fork is transition between paired and unpaired DNA strands

helicase

each new DNA double helix consists of one old and one new DNA strand

T.....C, base pairing

prevents H-Bonding, binds after replication fork

binds ahead of replication fork, breaks covalent bonds in DNA backbone

breaks H-Bonds, binds at replication fork

5'en H-Bond 3'end,

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group in 5'end

nitrogenous base in 3'end

3' end - 5'end

all four deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (A C T G)

single stranded DNA template

3' OH end of a new DNA strand

release of pyrophosphate from incoming nucleotide, then hydrolysis of pyrophosphorate to inorganic phosphate

phosphate group, joins next deosyribonucleotide onto growing strand

enzyme that catalyzes addition of nucleotide onto the 3' end of a growing DNA strand, using existing strand as a template

Meiosis I & II

haploid

genes

traits are heritable characterists,

building material of chromatids, passed on in gametes, found in nucleus

during mitosis & meiosis II

synapsis, pairing of homologous pairs of chromosomes only occurs during prophase I

2 diploid cells

4 haploid cells

16

cells are haploid

23

meiosis

asexual reproduction

barring mutation, must be identical

formed by duplication of a chromosome, formation of chromatids

contain 2 sets of chromosomes

cell contains 2 copies of each chromosome 1 from each parent

each chromosome in gametes are composed of material derived form both parents

crossing over

random fertilization

independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis

prophase I

telophase II

metaphase II

anaphase I

prophase I

telophase I and cytokinesis

anaphase II

4...haploid

2......haploid

10

20

resting stage before cell division, accounts for 90% of cell cycle

G1

cytokinesis

metaphase

replication of DNA

anaphase

alignment of chromosomes on the equator of the cell

centrosomes

normal growth and development

interphase

mitotic phase

2 chromosomes and 4 chromatids

prometaphase

anaphase

prophase

telophase

interphase

DNA and protein

prokaryotes

G3P and sugar

stroma

other pigments such as carotenoids are still present in the leaves

conversion of solar energy to chemical energy

photosynthesis only occurs in the light cycle

cellular respiration occurs only in the dark cycle

water.....NADPH in calvin cycle

c6h12o6, 6O2

CO2 , light energy, water

O2, G3P