Chapter 7.6 Nervous System Flashcards

A complex, highly organized system that coordinates all the activities of the body.

A nerve cell.

The space between the axons and the ends of the dendrites.

Neurotransmitters

It increases the rate of impulse transmission and insulates and maintains the axon.

To carry messages from all parts of the body to the brain and spinal cord.

They carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

Motor and Sensory messages

Brain and Spinal Cord

Somatic Nervous System(carries messages between CNS and the body) and Autonomic Nervous System(contains Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems, which control involuntary body functions)

• Cerebrum-responsible for reasoning, thought, memory, judgement, speech, sensation, sight, smell, hearing, and voluntary body movements
• Cerebellum- muscle coordination, balance, posture, and muscle tone
• Diencephalon- contains Thalamus(relays center and directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum; allows conscious recognition of pain and temperature) and the Hypothalamus(regulates autonomic nervous system, temperature, appetite, water balance, sleep, and blood vessel constriction and dilation; and controls the emotions)
• Midbrain- responsible for conducting impulses between parts of the brain and for certain eye and auditory reflexes
• Pons- conducts messages to other parts of the brain; responsible for actions like chewing, tasting, and saliva production, and assists with respiration
• Medulla Oblongata- connects the spinal cord and is responsible for regulating heart beat, respiration, swallowing, coughing, and blood pressure

The Spinal Cord comes down from the medulla oblongata and ends at the first or second vertebrae

The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

• Dura Mater- thick, tough outer layer
• Arachnoid Membrane- delicate, weblike middle layer
• Pia Mater- loosely attached to the other layers to allow space for fluid to flow between layers.

True

True

Chroid Plexuses

Yes

A Shock Absorber

Yes

Arachnoid Villi

It gets absorbed into the blood vessels of the dura mater and is returned into the blood stream by arachnoid villi

A mass of nerve tissue well protected by membranes

Skull or Cranium

It is closely attached to the brain and spinal cord, and contains blood vessels that nourish the nerve tissue

False. It is located at the lowest part of the brainstem

12 pairs

31 pairs

Sight, hearing, taste, and smell.

They receive sensations like touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. They also send out impulses for involuntary muscle control.

It maintains the balance in involuntary functions and allows the body to react in times of emergency.

They make a balanced state or homeostasis and to control involuntary body functions at proper rates.

Increasing heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure. It slows the digestive tract activity. This is called the fight or flight response.

It slows the heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and increasing the activity of the digestive tract.

It is a chronic, degenerative neuromuscular disease.

There is no known cause but they suspect there are genetic or viral-immune factors. Nerve cells in the CNS that control voluntary movement degenerate in resulting in atrophy or weakening in the muscle control. The symptoms are muscle weakness, abnormal reflexes, tripping, and falling, impaired hand and arm movement, and difficulty speaking or swallowing. As the disease progress its affects can result in total body paralysis. Long term affects can be losing all ability to communicate, breathe, eat, and move. But it does not affect the mind so its an active mind inside of a paralyzed body.

4-6 but some patients with slower progression can have 10-20 years.

A condition that occurs when the medial nerves and tendons that pass through a canal or "tunnel" on their way from the forearm to the hands and fingers are pinched.

It is caused by repetitive movements of the wrist which causes swelling around this tunnel which puts pressure on the nerves and tendons. The symptoms are pain, muscle weakness in the and, and impaired movement.

This can be treated with anti-inflammatory medications, analgesics for pain, and splinting to immobilize the joint.

This a disturbance in voluntary muscle actions. There are three forms: Spastic, Athetoid, Atactic.

This disease is caused by brain damage, lack of oxygen to the brain, birth injuries, prenatal rubella (German measles), and infections. The symptoms are exagerated reflexes, tense muscles, contracture development, seizures, speech impairment, spasms, tremors, and in some cases mental retardation.

No it can not be cured but there are some treatments to help with the affects. These can include physical, occupational, and speech therapy. There are also other treatments to help like muscle relaxants, anti-convulsion drugs, casts, braces, and/ or orthopedic surgery.

A brain attack, stroke; or apoplexy, occurs when the blood flow to the brain is impaired, resulting in a lack of oxygen and a destruction of brain tissue.

It is caused by cerebral hemorrhage resulting from hypertension, an aneurysm, or a weak blood vessel; or by an occlusion, or blockage, caused by atherosclerosis or a thrombus. The symptoms vary depending on the area and amount of brain damage. Some common symptoms of an acute CVA include loss of consciousness, weakness paralysis on one side of the body, dizziness, dysphagia, visual disturbances, mental confusion, aphasia, and incontinence.

There isn't a cure. The treatments are physical, occupational, and speech therapy treatment.

Inflammation of the brain

It is caused by a virus, bacterium, chemical agent, or as a complication of measles, chicken pox, or mumps. It is contracted by mosquito bites, because mosquitoes can carry the Encephalitis virus. The symptoms vary but may include fever, extreme weakness, vomiting, stiff neck and back, disorientation, seizures, and coma.

No it can not be cured. Treatment methods include antiviral drugs, maintenance of fluids and electrolytes balance, anti-seizure medication, and monitoring of respiratory and kidney functions.

A brain disorder associated with abnormal electrical impulses in the neurons of the brain

The causes include brain injury, birth trauma, tumors, toxins such as lead or carbon monoxide, and infections. The symptoms include absence seizures are milder seizures in which they lose consciousness lasting several seconds. Generalized tonic-clonic are the most severe seizures are characterized by loss of consciousness lasting several minutes, convulsions accompanied by violent shaking and thrashing movement; hyper-salivation, causing the mouth to foam; and loss of bodily functions. Some individuals experience an aura such as a particular smell, ringing in the ears, visual disturbances, or tingling in the fingers and/or toes before the seizure occurs.

No there is not a cure. The only treatment is anticonvulsant drugs.

An excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles and in some cases, the subarachnoid space of the brain.

It is caused by a congenital defect, infection, or tumor that obstructs the flow of cerebrospinal fluid out of the brain. Symptoms include an abnormally enlarged head, prominent forehead, bulging eyes, irritability, distended scalp veins,and when pressure prevents proper development of the brain, retardation.

There is no cure. The treatment is having a shunt surgically implanted between the ventricles and the veins, heart, or abdominal peritoneal cavity to provide for drainage of the excess fluid.

An inflammation of the meninges of the brain and /or spinal cord.

It is caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, or toxin such as lead or arsenic. Symptoms include high fever, headaches, back and neck pain and stiffness, nausea and vomiting, delirium, convulsions, and if untreated, coma and death.

It can be cured. Treatments include antibiotics, antipyretics, anticonvulsants, and/or medications for pain and cerebral edema.

Is a chronic, progressive, disabling condition

It is caused by a degeneration of the myelin sheath in the CNS. The cause is unknown but genetics or a viral infection of the immune system are suspected. Early symptoms include visual disturbances such as diplopia, weakness, fatigue, poor coordination, and tingling and numbness. Later symptoms include tremors, muscle spasms, paralysis, speech impairment, emotional swings, and incontinence occur.

There is no cure. Treatment methods such as physical therapy, muscle relaxants, steroids, and psychological counseling are used to maintain functional ability as long as possible.

This is nerve pain.

This is caused by immflamation, pressure, toxins, and other diseases.

The treatments help what is causing the pain.

This usually results from brain or spinal cord damage that destroys neurons and results in a loss off funsction and sensation below the level of injury.

Hemiplegia is paralysis of one side o the body and is caused bya tumor, injury, or CVA. The second type is paraplegia is in the lower extremities and is caused by a spinal cord injury. The third type is Quadraplegia. This is paralysis of the legs, arms, and body below the spinal cord.

There is no known cure although they are working on how to repair the spinal cord damage. Treatment methods are supportive like physical and occupational therapy.