Infant
29 days to 1 year old
Toddler
2 to 3 years old
Child
< 12
Denver Developmental Screening Test II
Biometric tool is the most well-known for measuring development in children
Developmental Milestones
Observable traits and actions that have been hown to develop consistently i our population
At what age should you expect to see shifts on growth charts, often due to genetic predispoition
Around 9 months
At what percentile of growth would cause alarm and action?
5th Percentile with no obvious cause
How many major lines or channels must be crossed in order for you to take action?
2 percentile lines or major channels consecutively without cause
Growth rate declines rapidly during ages 1 to 12 years
True
What is the difference in growth charts?
Gender specific ( one for male and one for females )
How can mature weight be predicted?
Fat babies become fat adults.
Period of rapid weight gain during the 1st 4 months of life correlate with obesity at 7 years old
Does the Denver II assess IQ?
NO
What is assessed by the Denver II?
Personal-Social skills
Fine Motor-Adaptive skills
Language skills
Gross Motor skills
Purpose of Denver II
Provide an objective test for developmental delay
What age of child is the Denver II sesigned for?
0 to 6 years old
Gross Motor Skills at 2 weeks
Symmetric movements
Gross Motor Skills at 2 months
Lifts head in prone, grasp
Gross Motor Skills at 4 months
Head no longer lags when the body is pulled up
Able to roll over (front to back)
Gross Motor Skill at 6 months
it independently (tripod)
Gross Motor Skill at 9 months
Pulls to stand
Gross Motor Skill at 12 months
Walk
Gross Motor Skill at 18 months
Run, 1 to 2 stairs
At what age can a child recognize sound?
2 weeks
When should a child be able to say words (generally)?
By 2 years old
When should a child be able to say sentences (generally)?
By 3 years old
At what ages does the child exhibit stranger anxiety?
Between 6 and 36 months
If he child is experiencing a language delay, what is the first exam the child should have?
Ear and hearing exams
At what age should rolling be a red flag?
< 3 months (i)ncreased tone
At what age should poor head control b a red flag?
> 5 months (hypotonia)
At what age should hand dominance be a red flag?
< 18 months
At what age is fallure to vary voice pitch a red flag?
> 4 month
At what age is lack of babbling/localizing sound a red flag?
> 6 months
What should DBP be in a child 3 year old or older?
2/3 SBP
At what age should the child be able to fix and follow with eyes?
By 6 weeks old
At what age should the child try the eye chart instead of just fixing and following?
2 years old
Which vaccine is the only one given at birth?
Hep B
If there is a delay in the next shot in the vaccine series, should you start over?
NO
How many shots are in the Hep B series and in the IPV series?
3 shots
How many shots are in the MMR series and Hep A series?
2 shots
How many shots are in H. Influenza Type B series and in the DTaP series?
4 shots
Which vaccine require a booster at 4 to 6 years?
DTaP and IPV
A vaccine delayed is a vaccine
Denied
Contraindications to vaccines
History of anaphylaxis
Live vaccines in immunocompromised or pregnant patients
What condition are some parents concerned about MMR vaccine causing in their children?
Autism
When examining the child, what should you exam first before they cry?
Heart and Lungs
When examining the child what should you exam last?
Ears and Oral
What is the weight and/or age requirement for being in an approved rear-facing car seat?
< 20 pounds or < 12 months
What i the weight and/or age requirement for being in an approved front-facing car seat?
20 to 40 pounds and 1-4 years old
What is the weight and/or age requirement for using an approved booster seat?
40 to 80 pounds and 4 to 8 years old
What is the weight and/or age requirement should sit in the back seat and prohibited from sitting in the front seat?
< 12 years old
In Texas, what is the requirement for child passenger safety seat program?
Under 8 years old, under 4'9"
In order to reduce the rik of SIDS, shluld the baby sleep with a parent?
NO
In order to reduce SIDS what position should the child sleep in?
Supine
Does heavy blankets, pillows, multiple blankets, and overly padded bumper increase the risk of SIDS?
YES
What hazard are children at increased risk of getting when a parent smokes?
Small for gestational age
SIDS
Bronchitis/ pneuonia
Otitis Media
Asthma
Are hazards still present to child if the parent only smokes outside?
YES
Which makes the baby gain weight more rapidly and increases obesity risk, breast milk or bottle formula?
Bottle Formula
Which increases chance of baby having jaundice, breast mild or bottle formula?
Breast Milk
Exclusively breat-fed infants should receive what vitamin supplements?
Vit D (until able to eat Vit D enriched foods)
Iron (> 7 month)
When can infant get cow's milk, honey or canned foods?
> 12 months
What condition can the infant get if the infant younger than 12 months get honey or canned foods?
Infantile Botulism
When can an infant begin solid foods?
4 to 6 months
What can happen to infants younger than 12 months drinking cow.'s milk?
GI bleeding and anemia
What order should an infant begin solid foods?
Grains
Veggies
Fruits
Meats
Should solid foods replace or supplemnt the bottle/breast?
Replace
What is the limit of juice that can be given to an infant?
4 oz per day
Why is it a bad idea to limit fat intake in a child 1 to 12 years old?
Nerve tissue develops
Children do not need to be on "diets" before the age of
3 years old
What type of carbs are encouraged in children 1 to 12 years, complex or simple?
Complex
children under the age of ____________ should not watch television at all.
2 years old
Children watching television should do so no more than ________________ per day.
2 hours
At what age should toilet training occur?
2 to 3 years old
At what temp should the hot water heater be kept?
120 degrees F
How often should a new food be introduced?
Every 2 weeks
What is the limit of juice that can be given to a child 1 to 12 years old?
8 oz per day
What is the limit of milk that can be given to a child 1 to 12 years?
< 24 oz per day
Is a Growth Hormone assay necessary in workup if weight and height are low but teeth are erupting at a normal rate?
NO
If there is a delayed eruption of teeth, what labs should you check?
TSH and calcium (hypothyroid, hypopituitarism rickets)
When and what teeth erupt first?
Lower central incisor followed by upper central incisor, starting at 6 months
When do permanent teeth erupt?
6 to 8 years old, ending at 12 years old
3rd molars erupt at 18 years old
How can you prevent dental caries (cavities)
Avoid prolonged or nightime bottles
Avoid excessive soda and juice
Ensure adequate fluoride intake
At what age can the child use fluoride toothpaste?
2 years old
If a child cannot use flouride toothpaste before age 2 years, then can be used to brush the child's teeth?
Brush teeth with water
How does thrush present?
Erythematous plaque under white lsion
Is a KOH necessary to cinfirm thrush?
NO
Side effect of Gentian Violet
Will stain skin for 1 to 2 weeks
Treatment for thrush
Oral Nystation
Gentian Violet
If child has thrush and is breast-feeding, what should be done to the mother?
Ensure treatment of Candida on mother's nipples
Diaper Rash
Contact dermatitis from urine and feces exposure
Most children with diaper rash are also coinfected with
Cment for Diaper Rashandida albicans (70%)
Treatment for Diaper Rash
Change diaper more often
Air dry
Switch to cloth diapers
Nysatin, Lotrimin, others
Zinc oxide
Hydrocortisone
If the diaper rash spares the scrotum, do you suspect Rinea or Candida?
Tines
If the diaper rash has "satellite lesions", do you suspect Tinea or Candida?
Candida