Campbell Biology 10th Edition: Immune System Flashcards


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1

Pathogens

These are agents that cause disease, infect a wide range of animals (including humans)

2

Function of immune system

recognize foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins

3

Immune Cells

Get activated when there is an infection

4

Innate Immunity

active immediately upon infection. Present before any exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth.

5

Adaptive Immunity

develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins and other foreign substances

6

Where is the innate system found?

Animals and plants

7

First response

In vertebrates, innate immunity is a first response to infections and also serves as the foundation of adaptive immunity

8

Innate Immunity in invertebrates

exoskeleton made from chitin forms the barrier to pathogens

9

Lysozyme

enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls

10

Hemocytes

circulate within hemo-lymph and carry out phagocytes; the ingestion and digestion of foreign substances including bacteria

11

How does the immune system recognizes bacteria and fungi?

By the structures on their walls.

12

How does the immune system react to different classes of pathogens?

The Innate immune responses are different for different classes of pathogens.

13

What are other additional defenses unique to vertebrates?

1. natural killer cells

2. interferon

3. inflammatory response

14

Barrier Defenses Example

Skin doesn't allow bacteria to come inside the body

15

Barrier Defenses include

skin and mucous of the respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts.

16

Mucous Function

trap and allow the removal of microbes

17

Body fluids hostile to microbes

saliva, mucus, and tears

18

What prevents growth of bacteria in skin and digestive system?

Low pH

19

Phagocytic cells

recognize groups of pathogens using toll-like receptors (TLR's)

20

2 types of phagocytic cells in mammals

1. Neutrophils

2. Macrophages

21

Neutrophils

engulf and destroy pathogens

22

macrophages

found throughout the body

23

dendritic

stimulate development of adaptive immunity

24

eosinophils

discharge destructive enzymes

25

Natural Killer Cells

detect abnormal cells and release chemicals leading to cell death

26

Peptides and proteins

attack pathogens or impeding their reproduction

27

Interferon proteins

provide innate defenses, interfering with viruses and helping active macrophages

28

Complement system

causes lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflamation

29

Inflammatory response

brought about by molecules released upon injury of infection

30

histamine

triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

31

Cytokines

chemical signals that enhance the immune system

32

Septic Shock

condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response

33

Pathogens avoiding destruction

modify surfaces to prevent recognition or by resisting breakdown following phagocytosis

34

Adaptive Response

Receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition

35

T cells

mature in the thymus

36

B cells

mature in the bone marrow

37

antigens

substances that can elicit a response from a B or T cells

38

Epitope

small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

39

What are B nd T cells specialized?

to recognize a specific type of molecule

40

Make antibodies?

B-cells