BIOL102 LECTURE TEST 1 REVIEW GUIDE Flashcards

All members of a species in an area would be termed a

A CLASS may best be defined as a taxon composed of?

In the scientific name Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus refers to the___

Carl Woese based his system of classification on what criterion?

Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Influenzavirus H₁N₅ are examples of ____that have mutated to be different than the normal members of a species

Woese classified the prokaryotes that lived in extreme environments such as in glaciers, deep see vents, and hot sulfur springs in Domain_____

All the living organisms in an area together with all the abiotic factors in an area would be considered a(n)______

In Whittaker's Five Kingdom classification scheme, bacteria are placed in Kingdom____

The scientific study of life

Characteristics of life

What kind of organization does atoms and molecules have?

Organelle, cell, tissue, organ and organ systems and organism fall in which category of organization?

Species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, ecosphere fall in which category of organization?

Ordered division of organisms into categories, based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences

Aristotle, Plato, and Linneaus came up with what taxonomic scheme?

Robert Whittaker came up with what taxonomic scheme?

Carl Woese came up with what taxonomic scheme?

What taxonomic scheme was based on macroscopic characteristics?

What taxonomic scheme was based on microscopic observation and form of nutrition?

Whittaker's five kingdom scheme

Woese's three domain scheme

The named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification

Hierarchy of Taxa

Scientific nomenclature is also known as

Origin of new species in evolution

May occur when gene flow is interrupted between populations of the existing species

Two main modes of speciation

Gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

Speciation take place in geographically overlapping populations

Two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all, even though they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers such as mountain ranges

Species that breed during different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes

Courtship rituals that attract mates and other behaviors unique to a species are effective reproductive barriers, even between closely related species

Morphological differences can prevent successful mating

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species

Process whereby a researcher chooses as correct the hypothesis that requires the fewest number of genetic changes to have occurred

A grouping of species consisting of an ancestral species an all of its descendants is called a

Criterion used to determine whether structures are considered to be homologous

The protein coat of a virus is called a

Researcher who determined that the infectious agent of TMD was transmitted by contact with sap from a diseased leaf

Bacteriophages may be grown on nutrient agar True or False?

Name characteristics that a cells lose when they are transformed by infection with a virus?

All viruses have DNA and RNA in their core True or False?

The genes of different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid's development

Producing sterile offspring

Some first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but when they mate with one another or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile

Change over time, descent with modification; unequal reproductive success of individuals

Evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

Analysis of how species may be grouped into clades

Identified using shared derived characteristics

Diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species

A phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in various lineages

Grouping of species derived from 2 or more ancestral forms

Grouping of species that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all , of its descendants

A grouping of species consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants. A clade

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

Structures in different species that are similar due to common ancestry

Similarity between 2 species due to convergent evolution

Remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors

• Particulate, not cellular
• Obligate intracellular parasite
• Very small in size
• Difficult to grow

These cells have density dependence and anchorage dependence

Structure of viruses

A membrane that cloaks the capsid

Surface glycoproteins for attachment to host receptors

Viral morphology (shapes)

Viruses are classified by

The ___ cycle of bacteriophage multiplication taken to completion always results in death of the host cell

General term for a virus like West Nile Virus or Yellow Fever Virus carried by an arthropod vector such as a mosquito

During the lysogenic cycle, once a bacterial virus has incorporated into the host DNA, it is then referred to as a

Bacteriophage and animal virus multiplication are similar in most respects. What step is completely unique to animal virus

Proteinaceous infectious particles that cause neurological diseases such as mad cow disease or CJD

Chicken pox, shingles, mononucleosis, and cold sores are all caused by members of the same family of viruses. Give the correct name for the family.

All Human Papilloma Viruses cause ___; several types also cause _____.

Method of transmission for Hepatitis B Virus

A bullet-shaped animal virus that attaches to the nervous system for which a post exposure vaccine is a valid prevention method:

The bacterial cell wall of members of Domain Bacteria is composed of a unique combination of proteins and carbohydrates that is called:

Name one way the composition of the prokaryotic membrane differs from that of the eukaryotic membrane

HIV is _____ virus

What is the term for diseases of animals that can be spread to humans

Circular RNA molecules that infect plants

Diseases caused by prions

Who proposed the model for Prion propagation?

Different types of TSE

What is the individual cell size of prokaryotic cells?

What is the individual cell size of eukaryotic cells?

What ribosomes does prokaryotic cells have

What ribosomes does eukaryotic cells have

Long hair-like structure that serves as a "sex bridge" or connection between cells to allow horizontal gene transfer (conjugation) to occur.

Polysaccharide structure that encloses some prokaryotic cells and increases pathogenicity (virulence) by allowing the cell to attach to host tissues and helping the cell to evade phagocytosis by macrophages:

Rod shaped bacteria arranged as pairs are called?

Round or spherical bacteria arranged in chains are called?

Term used to describe a motile prokaryotic cell that has a flagellum at one end of the cell

A small circular extra chromosomal piece of DNA that may contain genes fro toxin production or antibiotic resistance; sometimes used as a vector in genetic engineering

Stressful conditions such as the depletion on nutrients from the environment can cause some gram positive bacilli to form a protective structure known as a(n)_____

Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes is equivalent to mitosis in eukaryotes. This prokaryotic division process is called _____

If the generation time for a bacterium is 20 minutes, how many cells would be in a culture that has been incubated for two hours if you started with eight cells?

A bacterium that has thick peptidoglycan in its cell wall would be what color after completion of the Gram Stain?

A bacterium that has thin peptidoglycan in its cell wall would be what color after completion of the Gram Stain?

A temporary union of two bacteria in which genetic material is transferred by migration of a plasmid from the donor to the recipient

The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another resulting in a genetic change in the recipient cell

The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by means of a virus

Photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon

Cyanobacteria is an example of?

Oxidize inorganic substances

Sulfolobus is an example of?

Use light energy but obtain their carbon in organic form

Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus are examples of?

Must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon source

Clostridium, fungi, animals are examples of?

Require oxygen

Killed by oxygen

Use oxygen if present or switch to other modes

These bacteria whose temperature range is from 0^oC to 20^oC

These bacteria whose temperature range is from 13^oC to 46^oC

These bacteria whose temperature range is from 42^oC to 70^oC

These bacteria whose temperature range is from 67^oC to 96^oC

Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species

Nuclear envelope is present in?

Membrane-enclosed organelles are present in?

Peptidoglycan is present in?

Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in?

Several kinds of RNA polymerase is present in?

Methioine is present in?

Introns are present in?

Growth is not inhibited in?

Histones are present in?

Circular chromosome in present in?

Who came up with Endosymbiotic Hypothesis?

• Protists with modified mitochondria
• Protists with unique flagella
• Lack plastids

Excavates include

• Have two nuclei
• multiple flagella

Example of diplomonad

• Move my means of flagella and an undulating part of the plasma membrane
• Includes Trichomonads

Example of parabasalids

Flagella has unique internal structure

spiral or crystalline rod inside

Predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs and pathogenic parasites are in which clade

What are the two important groups of euglenozoans?

Free living consumers of bacteria in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems which have single large mitochondrion with a organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

Example of kinetoplastids

Evade immune system with "bait & switch" technique that involves changing surface proteins before body can mount effective response

Causes African Trypanosomiasis or African Sleeping Sickness

What is the vector for Trypanosoma brucei?

Causes American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas' Disease

Which strain of Trypanosoma brucei affects equines, pigs, cattle, rodents

Which strain of Trypanosoma brucei affects humans, monkeys, dogs, pigs, antelopes and is prevalent in West and Central Africa?

Which strain of Trypanosoma brucei affects humans, wild game, pigs, rats (experiments) and is prevalent in East and Central Africa?

• One or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell
• The glucose polymer paramylon is characteristic of this clade

Name the clade

Example of euglenids

Chromalveolates include?

Membrane-bound sacs just under the plasma membrane is a characteristic of which group?

Alveolates include?

• These organisms are abundant components of marine and freshwater phytoplanktons
• Characteristic shape reinforced by internal plates of cellulose
• Two flagella in perpendicular grooves make organism spin as it moves through the water

Name the group?

Examples of dinoflagellates

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning is caused by

These organisms are

• All parasites of animals
• have apical complexes at one end

Host that harbors the ADULT parasite

Host that harbors an intermediate form of parasite

Examples of apicomplexans

A large varied group of protists that have macronuclei and micronuclei

Sexual process that produces genetic variation; two individuals exchange micronuclei but do not reproduce (Ciliates)

Asexual reproduction; macronuclei disintegrates; new macronucleus forms from cell's micronuclei (Ciliates)

Example of ciliates

Most have a hairy flagellum paired with a smooth flagellum

Example of stramenopile

Stramenopiles include

Example of oomycota

• I am unicellular algae
• I have unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica

Who am I?

• My color results from yellow and brown carotenoids
• My cells are typically biflagellated
• I form a cyst if environmental conditions deteriorate

Who am I?

Example of golden algae

• Cell walls composed of algin
• Common along temperate coasts

What type of algae?

Example of brown algae

• Defined by DNA similarities
• Characterized by threadlike pseudopodia

Named for porous shells called tests

Tests are hardened with

Example of foraminiferans

• Internal skeleton fused into one delicate piece made of silica
• Threadlike pseudopodia radiate from central body

What group is this?

Large group of amoeboid and flagellated protists

Example of cercozoan

Monophyletic group that descended from an ancient protest that engulfed a cyanobacterium

The most abundant large algae in warm coastal waters od the tropics

Examples of red algae

Named for their grass-green chloroplasts

What are the two main groups of green algae

Most aquatic freshwater and marine phytoplankton

Examples of chlorophytes

Unikonts include

What are four important groups of amoebozoans

Amoebozoans are classified by

Amoebas that are heterotrophic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists

Parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates

Example of entamoebas

Which entamoeba causes amoebic dysentery in humans

What is the scientific name for slime molds?

This molds have multinucleate plasmodium

What is the scientific name for plasmodial slime molds?

Example of plasmodial slime mold

This molds form asexual fruiting bodies and function as a unit

What is the scientific name for cellular slime molds?

Example of cellular slime molds

Rhizarians include