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BIOL102 LECTURE TEST 1 REVIEW GUIDE

front 1

All members of a species in an area would be termed a

back 1

Population

front 2

A CLASS may best be defined as a taxon composed of?

back 2

Order

front 3

In the scientific name Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus refers to the___

back 3

Genus

front 4

Carl Woese based his system of classification on what criterion?

back 4

rRNA sequencing

front 5

Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Influenzavirus H1N5 are examples of ____that have mutated to be different than the normal members of a species

back 5

Strain

front 6

Woese classified the prokaryotes that lived in extreme environments such as in glaciers, deep see vents, and hot sulfur springs in Domain_____

back 6

Archaea

front 7

All the living organisms in an area together with all the abiotic factors in an area would be considered a(n)______

back 7

Ecosystem

front 8

In Whittaker's Five Kingdom classification scheme, bacteria are placed in Kingdom____

back 8

Monera

front 9

The scientific study of life

back 9

Biology

front 10

Characteristics of life

back 10

  1. Order
  2. Evolutionary adaptation
  3. Response to the environment
  4. Reproduction
  5. Growth and development
  6. Energy processing
  7. Regulation

front 11

What kind of organization does atoms and molecules have?

back 11

Chemical organization

front 12

Organelle, cell, tissue, organ and organ systems and organism fall in which category of organization?

back 12

Biological organization

front 13

Species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, ecosphere fall in which category of organization?

back 13

Ecological organization

front 14

Ordered division of organisms into categories, based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences

back 14

Taxonomy

front 15

Aristotle, Plato, and Linneaus came up with what taxonomic scheme?

back 15

Two Kingdom scheme

front 16

Robert Whittaker came up with what taxonomic scheme?

back 16

Five Kingdom scheme

front 17

Carl Woese came up with what taxonomic scheme?

back 17

Three domain scheme

front 18

What taxonomic scheme was based on macroscopic characteristics?

back 18

Two kingdom scheme

front 19

What taxonomic scheme was based on microscopic observation and form of nutrition?

back 19

Five Kingdom scheme

front 20

Whittaker's five kingdom scheme

back 20

  1. Kingdom monera
  2. Animalia
  3. Plantae
  4. Protista
  5. Fungi

front 21

Woese's three domain scheme

back 21

  • domain Archaea
  • domain Eukarya
  • domain Bacteria

front 22

The named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification

back 22

Taxon

front 23

Hierarchy of Taxa

back 23

  • domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species

front 24

Scientific nomenclature is also known as

back 24

Binomial nomenclature

front 25

Origin of new species in evolution

back 25

Speciation

front 26

May occur when gene flow is interrupted between populations of the existing species

back 26

Speciation

front 27

Two main modes of speciation

back 27

Allopatric and sympatric

front 28

Gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

back 28

Allopatric

front 29

Speciation take place in geographically overlapping populations

back 29

Sympatric

front 30

Two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all, even though they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers such as mountain ranges

back 30

Habitat isolation

front 31

Species that breed during different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes

back 31

Temporal isolation

front 32

Courtship rituals that attract mates and other behaviors unique to a species are effective reproductive barriers, even between closely related species

back 32

Behavioral isolation

front 33

Morphological differences can prevent successful mating

back 33

Mechanical isolation

front 34

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species

back 34

Gametic isolation

front 35

Process whereby a researcher chooses as correct the hypothesis that requires the fewest number of genetic changes to have occurred

back 35

Parsimony

front 36

A grouping of species consisting of an ancestral species an all of its descendants is called a

back 36

Clade

front 37

Criterion used to determine whether structures are considered to be homologous

back 37

Shared ancestry

front 38

The protein coat of a virus is called a

back 38

Capsid

front 39

Researcher who determined that the infectious agent of TMD was transmitted by contact with sap from a diseased leaf

back 39

Adolf Mayer

front 40

Bacteriophages may be grown on nutrient agar True or False?

back 40

False

front 41

Name characteristics that a cells lose when they are transformed by infection with a virus?

back 41

Density dependence and anchorage dependence

front 42

All viruses have DNA and RNA in their core True or False?

back 42

False

front 43

The genes of different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid's development

back 43

Reduced hybrid viability

front 44

Producing sterile offspring

back 44

Reduced Hybrid fertility

front 45

Some first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but when they mate with one another or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile

back 45

Hybrid breakdown

front 46

Change over time, descent with modification; unequal reproductive success of individuals

back 46

Evolution

front 47

Evolutionary history of a group of organisms

back 47

Phylogeny

front 48

Branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

back 48

Phylogenetic tree

front 49

Analysis of how species may be grouped into clades

back 49

Cladistics

front 50

Identified using shared derived characteristics

back 50

Clade

front 51

Diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species

back 51

Cladogram

front 52

A phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in various lineages

back 52

Phylogram

front 53

Grouping of species derived from 2 or more ancestral forms

back 53

Polyphyletic

front 54

Grouping of species that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all , of its descendants

back 54

Paraphyletic

front 55

A grouping of species consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants. A clade

back 55

Monophyletic

front 56

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

back 56

Homology

front 57

Structures in different species that are similar due to common ancestry

back 57

Homologous structures

front 58

Similarity between 2 species due to convergent evolution

back 58

Analogy

front 59

Remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors

back 59

Vestigial structures

front 60

  • Particulate, not cellular
  • Obligate intracellular parasite
  • Very small in size
  • Difficult to grow

back 60

Viral characteristics

front 61

These cells have density dependence and anchorage dependence

back 61

Normal cells

front 62

Structure of viruses

back 62

  • Nucleic acid core
  • Capsid
  • Enveloped of naked
  • Spikes

front 63

A membrane that cloaks the capsid

back 63

Viral envelope

front 64

Surface glycoproteins for attachment to host receptors

back 64

Spikes

front 65

Viral morphology (shapes)

back 65

  • Helical
  • Polyhedral
  • Spherical
  • Complex

front 66

Viruses are classified by

back 66

  • Type of host
  • Type of nucleic acid
  • Morphology
  • Naked or enveloped
  • Transmission
  • Site of multiplication
  • Symptomology

front 67

The ___ cycle of bacteriophage multiplication taken to completion always results in death of the host cell

back 67

Lytic cycle

front 68

General term for a virus like West Nile Virus or Yellow Fever Virus carried by an arthropod vector such as a mosquito

back 68

Arbo virus

front 69

During the lysogenic cycle, once a bacterial virus has incorporated into the host DNA, it is then referred to as a

back 69

Prophage

front 70

Bacteriophage and animal virus multiplication are similar in most respects. What step is completely unique to animal virus

back 70

Uncoating

front 71

Proteinaceous infectious particles that cause neurological diseases such as mad cow disease or CJD

back 71

Prions

front 72

Chicken pox, shingles, mononucleosis, and cold sores are all caused by members of the same family of viruses. Give the correct name for the family.

back 72

Herpesvirus

front 73

All Human Papilloma Viruses cause ___; several types also cause _____.

back 73

warts, cancer

front 74

Method of transmission for Hepatitis B Virus

back 74

Bodily fluids

front 75

A bullet-shaped animal virus that attaches to the nervous system for which a post exposure vaccine is a valid prevention method:

back 75

Rabies

front 76

The bacterial cell wall of members of Domain Bacteria is composed of a unique combination of proteins and carbohydrates that is called:

back 76

Peptidoglycan

front 77

Name one way the composition of the prokaryotic membrane differs from that of the eukaryotic membrane

back 77

Sterols in membrane

front 78

HIV is _____ virus

back 78

Retrovirus

front 79

What is the term for diseases of animals that can be spread to humans

back 79

Zoonosis

front 80

Circular RNA molecules that infect plants

back 80

Viroids

front 81

Diseases caused by prions

back 81

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

front 82

Who proposed the model for Prion propagation?

back 82

Stanely Prusiner

front 83

Different types of TSE

back 83

Bovine spongiform encephalopathies (mad cow disease)

Kuru

Scrapie

Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease

Variant cjd

front 84

What is the individual cell size of prokaryotic cells?

back 84

0.5 - 5 micrometers in diameter

front 85

What is the individual cell size of eukaryotic cells?

back 85

10 - 100 micrometers in diameter

front 86

What ribosomes does prokaryotic cells have

back 86

70S Ribosomes

front 87

What ribosomes does eukaryotic cells have

back 87

80S Ribosomes

front 88

Long hair-like structure that serves as a "sex bridge" or connection between cells to allow horizontal gene transfer (conjugation) to occur.

back 88

Pilus

front 89

Polysaccharide structure that encloses some prokaryotic cells and increases pathogenicity (virulence) by allowing the cell to attach to host tissues and helping the cell to evade phagocytosis by macrophages:

back 89

Capsule

front 90

Rod shaped bacteria arranged as pairs are called?

back 90

Diplobacilius

front 91

Round or spherical bacteria arranged in chains are called?

back 91

Streptococci

front 92

Term used to describe a motile prokaryotic cell that has a flagellum at one end of the cell

back 92

Monotrichous

front 93

A small circular extra chromosomal piece of DNA that may contain genes fro toxin production or antibiotic resistance; sometimes used as a vector in genetic engineering

back 93

Plasmid

front 94

Stressful conditions such as the depletion on nutrients from the environment can cause some gram positive bacilli to form a protective structure known as a(n)_____

back 94

Endospores

front 95

Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes is equivalent to mitosis in eukaryotes. This prokaryotic division process is called _____

back 95

Binary fission

front 96

If the generation time for a bacterium is 20 minutes, how many cells would be in a culture that has been incubated for two hours if you started with eight cells?

back 96

512 cells

front 97

A bacterium that has thick peptidoglycan in its cell wall would be what color after completion of the Gram Stain?

back 97

Purple

front 98

A bacterium that has thin peptidoglycan in its cell wall would be what color after completion of the Gram Stain?

back 98

Pink

front 99

A temporary union of two bacteria in which genetic material is transferred by migration of a plasmid from the donor to the recipient

back 99

Conjugation

front 100

The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another resulting in a genetic change in the recipient cell

back 100

Transformation

front 101

The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by means of a virus

back 101

Transduction

front 102

Photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon

back 102

Photoautotrophs

front 103

Cyanobacteria is an example of?

back 103

Example of photoautotrophs

front 104

Oxidize inorganic substances

back 104

Chemoautotrophs

front 105

Sulfolobus is an example of?

back 105

Chemoautotrophs

front 106

Use light energy but obtain their carbon in organic form

back 106

Photoheterotrophs

front 107

Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus are examples of?

back 107

Photoheterotrophs

front 108

Must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon source

back 108

Chemoheterotrophs

front 109

Clostridium, fungi, animals are examples of?

back 109

Chemoheterotrophs

front 110

Require oxygen

back 110

Obligate aerobes

front 111

Killed by oxygen

back 111

Obligate anaerobes

front 112

Use oxygen if present or switch to other modes

back 112

Facultative anaerobes

front 113

These bacteria whose temperature range is from 0oC to 20oC

back 113

Typical psychrophile

front 114

These bacteria whose temperature range is from 13oC to 46oC

back 114

Typical mesophile

front 115

These bacteria whose temperature range is from 42oC to 70oC

back 115

Typical thermophile

front 116

These bacteria whose temperature range is from 67oC to 96oC

back 116

Extreme thermophiles

front 117

Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species

back 117

Biofilm

front 118

Nuclear envelope is present in?

back 118

domain Eukarya

front 119

Membrane-enclosed organelles are present in?

back 119

domain Eukarya

front 120

Peptidoglycan is present in?

back 120

domain Bacteria

front 121

Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in?

back 121

domain Bacteria and Archaea

front 122

Several kinds of RNA polymerase is present in?

back 122

domain Archaea and Eukarya

front 123

Methioine is present in?

back 123

domain Archaea and Eukarya

front 124

Introns are present in?

back 124

domain Archaea and Eukarya

front 125

Growth is not inhibited in?

back 125

domain Archaea and Eukarya

front 126

Histones are present in?

back 126

domain Archaea and Eukarya

front 127

Circular chromosome in present in?

back 127

domain Bacteria and Archaea

front 128

Who came up with Endosymbiotic Hypothesis?

back 128

Lynn Margulis

front 129

  • Protists with modified mitochondria
  • Protists with unique flagella
  • Lack plastids

back 129

Excavates

front 130

Excavates include

back 130

Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenozoans

front 131

  • Have two nuclei
  • multiple flagella

back 131

Diplomonads

front 132

Example of diplomonad

back 132

Giardia Intestinalis (aka G. lamblia)

front 133

  • Move my means of flagella and an undulating part of the plasma membrane
  • Includes Trichomonads

back 133

Parabasalids

front 134

Example of parabasalids

back 134

Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichonympha

front 135

Flagella has unique internal structure

spiral or crystalline rod inside

back 135

Euglenozoans

front 136

Predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs and pathogenic parasites are in which clade

back 136

Euglenozoans

front 137

What are the two important groups of euglenozoans?

back 137

Kinetoplastids, Euglenids

front 138

Free living consumers of bacteria in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems which have single large mitochondrion with a organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

back 138

Kinetoplastids

front 139

Example of kinetoplastids

back 139

Trypanosoma spp

front 140

Evade immune system with "bait & switch" technique that involves changing surface proteins before body can mount effective response

back 140

The parasitic kinetoplastids

front 141

Causes African Trypanosomiasis or African Sleeping Sickness

back 141

Trypanosoma brucei

front 142

What is the vector for Trypanosoma brucei?

back 142

African Tsetse Fly

front 143

Causes American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas' Disease

back 143

Trypanosoma cruzi

front 144

Which strain of Trypanosoma brucei affects equines, pigs, cattle, rodents

back 144

Trypanosoma brucei brucei

front 145

Which strain of Trypanosoma brucei affects humans, monkeys, dogs, pigs, antelopes and is prevalent in West and Central Africa?

back 145

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

front 146

Which strain of Trypanosoma brucei affects humans, wild game, pigs, rats (experiments) and is prevalent in East and Central Africa?

back 146

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

front 147

  • One or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell
  • The glucose polymer paramylon is characteristic of this clade

Name the clade

back 147

Euglenids

front 148

Example of euglenids

back 148

Euglena

front 149

Chromalveolates include?

back 149

Alveolates and Stramenopiles

front 150

Membrane-bound sacs just under the plasma membrane is a characteristic of which group?

back 150

Alveolates

front 151

Alveolates include?

back 151

Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexa and Ciliophora

front 152

  • These organisms are abundant components of marine and freshwater phytoplanktons
  • Characteristic shape reinforced by internal plates of cellulose
  • Two flagella in perpendicular grooves make organism spin as it moves through the water

Name the group?

back 152

Dinoflagellates

front 153

Examples of dinoflagellates

back 153

Pfiesteria shumayae, Gonyaulax (aka Alexandrium), Gambierdiscus, Peridinium

front 154

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning is caused by

back 154

Gonyaulax

front 155

These organisms are

  • All parasites of animals
  • have apical complexes at one end

back 155

Apicomplexans

front 156

Host that harbors the ADULT parasite

back 156

Definitive Host

front 157

Host that harbors an intermediate form of parasite

back 157

Intermediate Host

front 158

Examples of apicomplexans

back 158

Plasmodium spp, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora

front 159

A large varied group of protists that have macronuclei and micronuclei

back 159

Ciliates

front 160

Sexual process that produces genetic variation; two individuals exchange micronuclei but do not reproduce (Ciliates)

back 160

Conjugation

front 161

Asexual reproduction; macronuclei disintegrates; new macronucleus forms from cell's micronuclei (Ciliates)

back 161

Binary Fission

front 162

Example of ciliates

back 162

Paramecium caudatum

front 163

Most have a hairy flagellum paired with a smooth flagellum

back 163

Stramenopiles

front 164

Example of stramenopile

back 164

Synura petersenii

front 165

Stramenopiles include

back 165

  • Oomycota (water molds)
  • Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
  • Chryophyta (golden algae)
  • Phaeophyta (brown algae)

front 166

Example of oomycota

back 166

Phytophthora infestans

front 167

  • I am unicellular algae
  • I have unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica

Who am I?

back 167

Diatoms

front 168

  • My color results from yellow and brown carotenoids
  • My cells are typically biflagellated
  • I form a cyst if environmental conditions deteriorate

Who am I?

back 168

Golden Algae

front 169

Example of golden algae

back 169

Dinobryon

front 170

  • Cell walls composed of algin
  • Common along temperate coasts

What type of algae?

back 170

Brown Algae

front 171

Example of brown algae

back 171

Postelsia, Laminaria Macrocystis (Kelp)

front 172

  • Defined by DNA similarities
  • Characterized by threadlike pseudopodia

back 172

Rhizarians

front 173

Named for porous shells called tests

back 173

Foraminiferans (Forams)

front 174

Tests are hardened with

back 174

calcium carbonate

front 175

Example of foraminiferans

back 175

Globigerina

front 176

  • Internal skeleton fused into one delicate piece made of silica
  • Threadlike pseudopodia radiate from central body

What group is this?

back 176

Radiolarians

front 177

Large group of amoeboid and flagellated protists

back 177

Cercozoans

front 178

Example of cercozoan

back 178

Paulinella chromatophora

front 179

Monophyletic group that descended from an ancient protest that engulfed a cyanobacterium

back 179

Archaeplastida

front 180

The most abundant large algae in warm coastal waters od the tropics

back 180

Red algae

front 181

Examples of red algae

back 181

Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Palmaria palmate (Dulse), Porphyra (Nori)

front 182

Named for their grass-green chloroplasts

back 182

Green algae

front 183

What are the two main groups of green algae

back 183

Chlorophytes and charophyceans

front 184

Most aquatic freshwater and marine phytoplankton

back 184

Chlorophytes

front 185

Examples of chlorophytes

back 185

Volvox, Ulva, Caulerpa, Chlamydomonas

front 186

Unikonts include

back 186

Amoebozoans, and Opisthokonts

front 187

What are four important groups of amoebozoans

back 187

Gymnamoeba, Entamoeba, Slime molds (cellular and plasmodial)

front 188

Amoebozoans are classified by

back 188

lobe shaped pseudopodia

front 189

Amoebas that are heterotrophic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists

back 189

Gymnamoebas

front 190

Parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates

back 190

Entamoebas

front 191

Example of entamoebas

back 191

Entamoeba histolyitca

front 192

Which entamoeba causes amoebic dysentery in humans

back 192

Entamoeba histolytica

front 193

What is the scientific name for slime molds?

back 193

Mycetozoans

front 194

This molds have multinucleate plasmodium

back 194

Plasmodial slime molds

front 195

What is the scientific name for plasmodial slime molds?

back 195

Myxogastrida

front 196

Example of plasmodial slime mold

back 196

Physarum polycephalum

front 197

This molds form asexual fruiting bodies and function as a unit

back 197

Cellular slime molds

front 198

What is the scientific name for cellular slime molds?

back 198

Dictyostelida

front 199

Example of cellular slime molds

back 199

Dictyostelium discoideum

front 200

Rhizarians include

back 200

Radiolarians, Forams and Cercozoans