Summer Immuno Lecture 10 Flashcards

The innate immune system’s “memory” is best described as hard-wired defense against which invaders?
A. Specific prior attackers
B. Common invaders
C. Self-antigens
D. Tumor neoantigens

A macrophage responds more vigorously to a second microbial challenge after a prior exposure. What is this called?
A. Central memory
B. Trained immunity
C. Somatic hypermutation
D. Peripheral tolerance

Trained immunity usually has which duration and distribution?
A. Lifelong and systemic
B. Weeks-months and local
C. Days and systemic
D. Years and lymphoid

The innate immune system uses hard-wired receptors to recognize what?
A. Broad pathogen classes
B. Specific lifetime attackers
C. Somatically mutated epitopes
D. Cognate peptide-MHC only

Adaptive immune memory is best distinguished by remembering what?
A. Broad microbial patterns
B. Common tissue stress
C. Specific encountered attackers
D. Local cytokine gradients

During an initial B-cell response, which products can B cells generate?

_____-lived _____ cells

_____-lived _____ cells

_____ _____ B cells

Short-lived plasma B cells are produced in which structure?

_____ _____

After generation, short-lived plasma B cells travel mainly to which sites?

_____ _____ and _____

Short-lived plasma B cells mainly perform which function?

_____ abundant _____

Memory B cells require assistance from which cells?

____ ____ cells

Long-lived plasma cells take up residence mainly where?

____ ____

Long-lived plasma cells provide lifelong immunity by doing what?

____ modest ____ production

Central memory B cells reside mainly in which location?
A. Peripheral tissues
B. Primary lymphoid organs
C. Secondary lymphoid organs
D. Bloodstream only

Central memory B cells are best described as memory “stem cells” because they do what?

______ and ______ memory pools

During a repeat infection, central memory B cells can rapidly generate which cells?

______ -______ plasma B cells

Memory T cells are generated most effectively when T-cell activation receives help from which cell type?

A. NK cells
B. Helper T cells
C. Plasma cells
D. Neutrophils

After naive T cells activate, proliferate, and receive tissue-travel passports, they are called what?
A. Central T cells
B. Effector T cells
C. Anergic T cells
D. Virgin T cells

After an infection resolves, approximately what fraction of effector T cells die?
A. 10%
B. 30%
C. 60%
D. 90%

Some surviving effector T cells remain near the original tissue encounter site. What are they called?

_____-_____ _____ T cells

Some surviving effector T cells patrol through blood and lymph. What are they called?

_____ _____ T cells

Some memory T cells remain in secondary lymphoid organs. What are they called?

_____ _____ T cells

Which helper T-cell subsets are described as having long memories?

___, ___, ___

Which T-cell subset has short memory because it turns immune responses off?

Why is it useful for iTregs to have short memories?

Prevents prolonged _____ _____

A vaccine induces bone marrow plasma cells that survive for years and secrete low-level antibody. Which cells are responsible?

____ ____ ____ cells

A patient has rapid antibody expansion after re-exposure because memory “stem cells” generate new plasma cells. Which cells mediate this?

____ ____ ____ cells

A skin infection leaves T cells stationed locally after resolution. Which memory compartment is being formed?
A. Central memory
B. Effector memory
C. Tissue-resident memory
D. Natural regulatory

A previously infected patient has T cells circulating through blood and lymph, ready for reactivation. Which compartment is this?
A. Effector memory
B. Central memory
C. Tissue-resident memory
D. Short-lived plasma

A memory T cell remains in a lymph node rather than patrolling peripheral tissues. Which compartment is this?
A. Tissue-resident memory
B. Effector memory
C. Central memory
D. Trained immunity

A defect prevents T-cell help during B-cell activation. Which outcome is most directly impaired?
A. Memory B-cell generation
B. NK missing-self recognition
C. Innate trained immunity
D. Short cytokine half-life

A patient previously infected with a virus is re-exposed years later and clears it faster. One major reason memory cells respond better is that they are now what?
A. More numerous on duty
B. Less antigen-specific
C. Newly generated in thymus
D. Unable to undergo apoptosis

Compared with a first immune response, a second immune response is faster partly because memory B and T cells are what?
A. Harder to stimulate
B. Easier to activate
C. Unable to migrate
D. Independent of antigen

A memory B cell responds to antigen with a higher-affinity receptor than its original naive precursor. Which process explains this upgrade?

____ ____

A memory B cell produces a different antibody isotype than its original naive version. Which process caused this change?

____ ____

Which feature is shared by memory B-cell and memory T-cell systems?

____ memory cells

Which memory cell type can fine-tune antigen receptors after activation?
A. T cells only
B. B cells only
C. NK cells only
D. Both B and T cells

Why can memory B cells improve receptor affinity over time while memory T cells cannot?
A. B cells undergo somatic hypermutation
B. T cells lack antigen receptors
C. T cells cannot become memory
D. B cells avoid class switching

Which statement best describes T-cell memory compared with B-cell memory?
A. T cells form plasma equivalents
B. T cells lack central memory
C. T cells lack long-lived plasma analog
D. T cells constantly secrete antibodies

After an infection resolves, which immune product can continue to be deployed because of B-cell memory?
A. Antibodies
B. TCRs
C. Fas ligand
D. Class I MHC

Which cell type produces antibodies that may persist after an invasion is over?
A. T cells
B. B cells
C. NK cells
D. Dendritic cells

The innate immune system has a “hard-wired” memory shaped over millions of years. Which receptor type represents this inherited recognition system?

A. BCR

B. TCR

C. Toll-like receptor

D. Fc receptor

A macrophage detects LPS on a gram-negative bacterium using a receptor encoded in the host genome. What type of immune memory is this?

A. Adaptive memory

B. Innate hard-wired memory

C. Central B-cell memory

D. Effector T-cell memory

An invader first enters the body, and antibodies must be made quickly to tag it for destruction. Which B-cell product is mainly responsible early?

A. Long-lived plasma cells

B. Central memory B cells

C. Short-lived plasma cells

D. Resident memory T cells

Where are short-lived plasma B cells activated during the initial response?

A. Bone marrow

B. Secondary lymphoid organs

C. Thymic cortex

D. Red pulp only

Which statement best describes short-lived plasma B cells in the initial response?

A. They live in bone marrow for lifelong immunity

B. They are short-lived and have not yet undergone somatic hypermutation

C. They are T cells that patrol epithelial tissue

D. They replace dead long-lived plasma cells

After the initial immune response, some upgraded high-affinity B cells become cells that live in bone marrow and provide lifelong antibody protection. What are these cells?

A. Short-lived plasma cells

B. Central memory T cells

C. Long-lived plasma cells

D. Resident memory T cells

Which B-cell population provides immediate invader-specific antibody defense if the same pathogen attacks again?

A. Long-lived plasma cells

B. Naive B cells

C. Resident memory T cells

D. Short-lived neutrophils

Central memory B cells primarily live in which location?

A. Secondary lymphoid organs

B. Bone marrow only

C. Skin epithelium

D. Blood vessel endothelium

What is the main function of central memory B cells between attacks?

A. Block phagosome-lysosome fusion

B. Replace long-lived plasma cells that have died

C. Directly lyse infected cells with perforin

D. Recognize LPS through TLR4

During a second attack, which B-cell population helps generate more short-lived plasma cells again?

A. Central memory B cells

B. Naive neutrophils

C. Resident memory T cells

D. Macrophages

A virus reinfects the same epithelial site where it first entered months ago. Which memory T-cell type is positioned to respond locally?

A. Central memory T cell

B. Effector memory T cell

C. Resident memory T cell

D. Naive T cell

A pathogen returns but attacks a different tissue site than the original infection. Which memory T-cell type is most responsible for recognizing and eliminating it throughout the body?

A. Effector memory T cell

B. Resident memory T cell

C. Central memory B cell

D. Long-lived plasma cell

Which memory T-cell population stands by in secondary lymphoid organs?

A. Resident memory T cells

B. Effector memory T cells

C. Central memory T cells

D. Short-lived plasma cells

Which sequence best describes adaptive immune memory after a first attack?

A. TLR genes mutate → LPS disappears → no cells remain

B. Pathogen-specific B/T cells proliferate → most die after resolution → memory cells remain

C. Plasma cells become macrophages → macrophages become T cells

D. Complement forms antibodies → antibodies form memory T cells