front 1 The innate immune system’s “memory” is best described as hard-wired
defense against which invaders? | back 1 B. Common invaders |
front 2 A macrophage responds more vigorously to a second microbial challenge
after a prior exposure. What is this called? | back 2 B. Trained immunity |
front 3 Trained immunity usually has which duration and distribution? | back 3 B. Weeks-months and local |
front 4 The innate immune system uses hard-wired receptors to recognize
what? | back 4 A. Broad pathogen classes |
front 5 Adaptive immune memory is best distinguished by remembering
what? | back 5 C. Specific encountered attackers |
front 6 During an initial B-cell response, which set of
B-cell products is generated? | back 6 D. Short plasma, long plasma, central memory |
front 7 Short-lived plasma B cells are produced in which
structure? | back 7 A. Lymphoid follicles |
front 8 After generation, short-lived plasma B cells travel
mainly to which sites? | back 8 B. Bone marrow and spleen |
front 9 Short-lived plasma B cells mainly perform which
function? | back 9 C. Produce abundant antibodies |
front 10 Both types of memory B cells require assistance from which
cells? | back 10 B. T cells |
front 11 Long-lived plasma cells take up residence mainly where? | back 11 A. Bone marrow |
front 12 Long-lived plasma cells provide lifelong immunity by doing
what? | back 12 A. Continual modest antibody production |
front 13 Central memory B cells reside mainly in which location? | back 13 C. Secondary lymphoid organs |
front 14 Central memory B cells are best described as memory “stem cells”
because they do what? | back 14 A. Maintain and replace memory pools |
front 15 During a repeat infection, central memory B cells can rapidly
generate which cells? | back 15 A. Short-lived plasma B cells |
front 16 Memory T cells are generated only when T-cell activation depends on
help from which cell type? | back 16 B. Th cells |
front 17 After naive T cells activate, proliferate, and receive tissue-travel
passports, they are called what? | back 17 B. Effector T cells |
front 18 After an infection resolves, approximately what fraction of effector
T cells die? | back 18 D. 90% |
front 19 Some surviving effector T cells remain near the original tissue
encounter site. What are they called? | back 19 C. Tissue-resident memory T cells |
front 20 Some surviving effector T cells patrol through blood and lymph. What
are they called? | back 20 A. Effector memory T cells |
front 21 Some memory T cells remain in secondary lymphoid organs. What are
they called? | back 21 C. Central memory T cells |
front 22 Which helper T-cell subsets are described as having long
memories? | back 22 A. Th1, Th2, Th17 |
front 23 Which T-cell subset has short memory because it turns immune
responses off? | back 23 D. iTreg cells |
front 24 Why is it useful for iTregs to have short memories? | back 24 A. Prevents prolonged immune suppression |
front 25 A vaccine induces bone marrow plasma cells that survive for years and
secrete low-level antibody. Which cells are responsible? | back 25 B. Long-lived plasma cells |
front 26 A patient has rapid antibody expansion after re-exposure because
memory “stem cells” generate new plasma cells. Which cells mediate
this? | back 26 A. Central memory B cells |
front 27 A skin infection leaves T cells stationed locally after resolution.
Which memory compartment is being formed? | back 27 C. Tissue-resident memory |
front 28 A previously infected patient has T cells circulating through blood
and lymph, ready for reactivation. Which compartment is this? | back 28 A. Effector memory |
front 29 A memory T cell remains in a lymph node rather than patrolling
peripheral tissues. Which compartment is this? | back 29 C. Central memory |
front 30 A defect prevents T-cell help during B-cell activation. Which outcome
is most directly impaired? | back 30 A. Memory B-cell generation |
front 31 A patient previously infected with a virus is re-exposed years later
and clears it faster. One major reason memory cells respond better is
that they are now what? | back 31 A. More numerous on duty |
front 32 Compared with a first immune response, a second immune response is
faster partly because memory B and T cells are what? | back 32 B. Easier to activate |
front 33 A memory B cell responds to antigen with a
higher-affinity receptor than its original naive precursor.
Which process explains this upgrade? | back 33 C. Somatic hypermutation |
front 34 A memory B cell produces a different antibody
isotype than its original naive version. Which process caused
this change? | back 34 A. Class switching |
front 35 Which feature is shared by memory B-cell and memory T-cell
systems? | back 35 C. Central memory cells |
front 36 Which memory cell type can fine-tune antigen receptors after
activation? | back 36 B. B cells only |
front 37 Why can memory B cells improve receptor affinity over time while
memory T cells cannot? | back 37 A. B cells undergo somatic hypermutation |
front 38 Which statement best describes T-cell memory compared with B-cell
memory? | back 38 C. T cells lack long-lived plasma analog |
front 39 After an infection resolves, which immune product can continue to be
deployed because of B-cell memory? | back 39 A. Antibodies |
front 40 Which cell type produces antibodies that may persist after an
invasion is over? | back 40 B. B cells |
front 41 A repeat infection is controlled rapidly because many
antigen-specific lymphocytes already exist and require less
stimulation. Which cells best explain this? | back 41 B. Memory lymphocytes |
front 42 Which pair best describes memory B-cell upgrades? | back 42 A. Class switching, somatic hypermutation |