Summer Immuno Lecture 1 Flashcards

The immune system is broadly divided into which two major groups?
A. Humoral and cellular
B. Innate and adaptive
C. Monocytes and lymphocytes
D. Plasma and tissue

A macrophage surrounds a bacterium and traps it inside an intracellular pouch before digestion. What is the pouch called?

A macrophage internalizes a bacterium, then the bacterium-containing vesicle fuses with an enzyme-rich organelle. Which organelle fuses with it?

A macrophage engulfs a fungal particle and digests it after vesicle fusion with destructive enzymes. What is this overall process called?
A. Phagocytosis
B. Chemotaxis
C. Opsonization
D. Exocytosis

White blood cells are “white” rather than red because they lack which molecule?

A blood cell destined to become a macrophage leaves bone marrow and enters circulation. What is it called at this stage?

Monocytes remains in blood for how long before later becoming a macrophage?

about ____ ____

Monocytes will not mature into macrophages until they enter _____.

Once monocytes migrate to tissue and become macrophages, they release ______ which starts an inflammatory response

In immunology, the term “immunoglobulin” is synonymous with which molecule?
A. Cytokine
B. Antigen
C. Antibody
D. Complement

A bacterial surface molecule triggers B cells to produce antibodies against it. What is that molecule called?
A. Cytokine
B. Receptor
C. Constant region
D. Antigen

Which cells directly produce antibodies?

____ ____ cells

An antibody contains two pairs of structurally different protein chains. Which pair is correct?
A. Alpha and beta chains
B. Variable and joining chains
C. Heavy and light chains
D. Fab and Fc chains

A researcher mutates the antibody region that directly binds microbial surface molecules. Which region was altered?

____ region

The Fab region of an antibody is best described as the region that binds which target?

____

A macrophage receptor interacts with the non-antigen-binding portion of an antibody. Which antibody region is involved?

_____ region

The class of an antibody (IgG, IgM, etc.) is determined by the structure of its _____ region.

The _____ of every B cell contain multiple copies of four types of _____ molecules: V, D, J, C

A developing B cell pastes different antibody gene segments together to generate many receptor possibilities. What is this strategy called?
A. Modular design
B. Clonal deletion
C. Antigen presentation
D. Cytokine signaling

When DNA bases are added or removed from where gene segments are joined together, this creates _____ _____ which adds further variation.

Why does the immune system use modular design and junctional diversity to make antibodies?
A. To reduce antigen exposure
B. To create massive diversity
C. To destroy stem cells
D. To prevent cytokine release

Roughly how many different antibodies are needed to protect against possible invaders?
A. 100 million
B. 100 thousand
C. 25 thousand
D. 20 million

Humans generate millions of unique antibodies using only a ____ amount of DNA through a highly efficient process called ____ recombination

After a B cell creates its antibody “recipe,” where are small batches of antibody displayed?
A. Inside lysosomes
B. Within phagosomes
C. On the B-cell surface
D. Inside macrophages

Surface antibodies on a B cell function as which receptor?
A. Fc receptor
B. B cell receptor
C. Cytokine receptor
D. Lysosome receptor

On a B cell receptor, which region faces outward to search for matching antigen?
A. Fab region
B. Constant region
C. Heavy tail
D. Fc region

The specific molecule that fits a B cell’s antigen-binding region is called what?
A. Junctional antigen
B. Constant antigen
C. Innate antigen
D. Cognate antigen

A naive B cell encounters the exact antigen fitting its surface receptor. What is the expected result?
A. Hemoglobin production
B. Macrophage maturation
C. B-cell proliferation
D. Lysosome destruction

Following the initial encounter with its cognate antigen, it generally takes about ___ to ___ days for a naïve B cell to undergo massive clonal expansion and differentiate into antibody-secreting effector cells (plasma cells).

After finding its cognate antigen, a B cell expands into approximately how many clones?
A. 2,000 clones
B. 20,000 clones
C. 100,000 clones
D. 1 million clones

A plasma cell is working at maximum antibody-secreting capacity during an acute infection. How many antibodies can it produce per second?
A. 200
B. 2,000
C. 20,000
D. 100,000

The main defensive role of antibodies against foreign invaders is best described as which function?
A. Destroy host cells directly
B. Mature inside thymus
C. Tag invaders for destruction
D. Form class I MHC

A bacterium becomes coated with antibodies, making it easier for phagocytes to recognize and destroy it. What is this process called?
A. Neutralization
B. Opsonization
C. Proliferation
D. Presentation

A ______ antibody can bind to a virus outside of a cell and can keep it from ______ the cell or from ______ once it has entered.

A patient has circulating antibodies against an enveloped virus, but some virions have already entered epithelial cells and uncoated in the cytosol. Why can the antibodies not directly bind those intracellular virions?
A. Antibodies lack antigen specificity
B. Antibodies cannot cross intact membranes
C. Viruses destroy all immunoglobulins
D. Host cytosol contains no antigens

Antibodies primarily circulate in which body compartment?
A. Extracellular fluids
B. Cytosolic fluid
C. Nuclear matrix
D. Mitochondrial space

Which location would normally contain circulating soluble antibodies?
A. Host cell cytosol
B. Viral nucleocapsid
C. Blood plasma
D. Mitochondrial matrix

A virus successfully enters and uncoats inside a host cell without prior antibody binding. What protects it from direct antibody binding?
A. Its intracellular location
B. Its larger genome
C. Its bacterial capsule
D. Its thymic origin

A child with impaired thymic development has defective maturation of which immune cell type?
A. B cells
B. T cells
C. Monocytes
D. Macrophages

Which group correctly lists the three main T-cell types?
A. Killer, helper, regulatory
B. Plasma, memory, naive
C. Monocyte, macrophage, dendritic
D. IgG, IgA, IgM

Cytotoxic lymphocytes are another name for which T-cell type?
A. Helper T cells
B. Regulatory T cells
C. Killer T cells
D. Plasma T cells

A T cell determines whether a host cell is infected by inspecting molecules displayed on the cell surface. What does it inspect?
A. Immunoglobulin
B. Hemoglobin
C. Cytokine receptor
D. MHC

T cells can indirectly “view” intracellular contents because cells display peptides using which molecule?
A. MHC
B. IgE
C. BCR
D. Lysosome

Most nucleated body cells use which MHC class to show intracellular material?

Killer T cells mainly inspect which MHC class?

A virally infected epithelial cell displays abnormal intracellular peptides. Which immune cell is most directly involved in checking it?
A. Helper T cell
B. Plasma B cell
C. Killer T cell
D. Regulatory B cell

Certain immune cells display extracellular antigen fragments to helper T cells. What are these cells called?
A. Antigen-presenting cells
B. Antibody-secreting cells
C. Hemoglobin-lacking cells
D. Beta-microglobulin cells

Antigen-presenting cells use which MHC class to communicate with helper T cells?

Helper T cells primarily assess infection in which environment through class II MHC?
A. Intracellular environment
B. Extracellular environment
C. Bone marrow niche
D. Thymic medulla

Class I MHC is structurally composed of one long chain plus which smaller chain?
A. Alpha chain
B. Beta chain
C. Delta chain
D. B2-microglobulin

Which structure is part of class I MHC but not class II MHC?
A. B2-microglobulin
B. Alpha chain
C. Beta chain
D. Fab region

Class II MHC is made of which two long chains?
A. Heavy and light
B. Alpha and beta
C. Fab and constant
D. Gamma and delta

Which statement correctly describes class I MHC?
A. One long chain
B. Two alpha chains
C. Two beta chains
D. Heavy and light chains

Which statement correctly describes class II MHC structure?
A. One long chain
B. Two long chains
C. B2-microglobulin only
D. Fab and Fc regions

B cells and T cells are collectively called what?

After an infection is cleared, most expanded B and T cells undergo cell death. What are the surviving long-lived cells called?
A. Plasma cells
B. Memory cells
C. Stem cells
D. Monocytes

During a second exposure to the same pathogen, the adaptive immune system responds faster. Which cells mainly explain this?
A. Memory cells
B. Monocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Macrophages

A vaccine works partly because some lymphocytes survive after the initial response. What is the main benefit of these cells?
A. Faster secondary response
B. Slower antigen recognition
C. Reduced MHC expression
D. Blocked antibody secretion

Macrophages will produce _____ to facilitate _____ between immune system cells.

Macrophages and all the other blood cells in your body are the descendants of self-renewing _____ _____ _____

Complement proteins and NK cells are a part of the [innate or adaptive] immune system

Immunizations take advantage of [innate vs adapative] immune system

Clonal selection refers to antigen binding followed by which cellular process?

A. Cell membrane rupture

B. Proliferation of selected cells

C. Loss of antigen receptors

D. Decreased lymphocyte survival

A lymphocyte binds its specific antigen and then expands into many identical cells. What process is being described?

A. Clonal selection

B. Central tolerance

C. Somatic recombination

D. Complement activation

Which immune cell can force abnormal or infected cells to undergo suicide-like death?

A. Helper T cell

B. Regulatory T cell

C. Natural killer cell

D. Plasma cell

Which T-cell subtype directly kills infected host cells by inducing apoptosis?

A. Helper T cell

B. Cytotoxic T cell

C. Regulatory T cell

D. Memory B cell

Which T-cell subtype primarily secretes cytokines to coordinate immune responses?

A. Helper T cell

B. Cytotoxic T cell

C. Regulatory T cell

D. Naive B cell

Which T-cell subtype prevents excessive immune activation and overreaction?

A. Cytotoxic T cell

B. Helper T cell

C. Regulatory T cell

D. Plasma cell

The first signal for helper T-cell activation is recognition of cognate antigen displayed on which molecule?

A. Class I MHC

B. Class II MHC

C. IgE receptor

D. Complement C3b receptor

A helper T cell recognizes its specific antigen on class II MHC. What second signal is also required for full activation?

A. CD40 binding to IgA

B. B7 binding to CD28

C. C5b binding to C9

D. Fc binding to CD16

Lymph from most of the body, including the left upper body, drains into which lymphatic structure?

A. Right lymphatic duct

B. Thoracic duct

C. Azygos vein

D. Inferior vena cava

The thoracic duct empties lymph back into the blood near which vessel

A. Left subclavian vein

B. Right subclavian vein

C. Portal vein

D. Femoral vein

Lymph from the right side of the upper body drains into which lymphatic structure?

A. Thoracic duct

B. Right lymphatic duct

C. Cisterna chyli

D. Splenic vein

The right lymphatic duct empties lymph back into the blood near which vessel?

A. Left subclavian vein

B. Right subclavian vein

C. Inferior vena cava

D. Portal vein