front 1 A newborn’s intact skin and mucosal surfaces prevent pathogen
entry before immune cells are activated. Which immune defense
line is being tested? | back 1 C. Physical barriers |
front 2 A patient with a splinter develops rapid neutrophil and macrophage
activity before antigen-specific lymphocytes expand.
Which defense line is primarily active? | back 2 A. Innate immune system |
front 3 A vaccine generates antigen-specific lymphocyte
memory that improves future responses. Which
defense line does this represent? | back 3 D. Adaptive immunity |
front 4 The immune system is broadly divided into which two major groups?
| back 4 B. Innate and adaptive |
front 5 A macrophage surrounds a bacterium and traps
it inside an intracellular pouch before digestion. What is
the pouch called? | back 5 C. Phagosome |
front 6 A macrophage internalizes a bacterium, then the
bacterium-containing vesicle fuses with an enzyme-rich
organelle. Which organelle fuses with it? | back 6 D. Lysosome |
front 7 A macrophage engulfs a fungal particle and
digests it after vesicle fusion with destructive
enzymes. What is this overall process called? | back 7 A. Phagocytosis |
front 8 A hematopoietic stem cell divides into two
daughter cells. One differentiates, while the other remains
a stem cell. What property is demonstrated? | back 8 B. Self-renewal |
front 9 White blood cells are “white” rather than red because they lack which
molecule? | back 9 D. Hemoglobin |
front 10 A blood cell destined to become a macrophage leaves bone marrow and
enters circulation. What is it called at this stage? | back 10 A. Monocyte |
front 11 Monocytes remains in blood for how long before later becoming a
macrophage? | back 11 C. 1-3 days |
front 12 A monocyte leaves circulation and enters infected lung
tissue. What must happen before it becomes a
macrophage? | back 12 B. It enters tissue |
front 13 A macrophage senses bacteria and releases
signaling proteins that coordinate nearby immune
cells. What are these proteins called? | back 13 D. Cytokines |
front 14 In immunology, the term “immunoglobulin” is synonymous with which
molecule? | back 14 C. Antibody |
front 15 A student remembers antibody classes using “______” | back 15 GAMED |
front 16 A bacterial surface molecule triggers B
cells to produce antibodies against it. What
is that molecule called? | back 16 D. Antigen |
front 17 A patient develops high levels of circulating
antibodies after infection. Which cells
directly produce these
antibodies? | back 17 B. Plasma B cells |
front 18 An antibody contains two pairs of
structurally different protein chains. Which pair
is correct? | back 18 C. Heavy and light chains |
front 19 A researcher mutates the antibody
region that directly binds microbial surface
molecules. Which region was altered? | back 19 A. Fab region |
front 20 The Fab region of an antibody is best described as
the region that binds which target? | back 20 D. Antigens |
front 21 A macrophage receptor interacts with the non-antigen-binding
portion of an antibody. Which antibody region is
involved? | back 21 B. Constant region |
front 22 A B cell switches from producing IgM to IgG while preserving antigen
specificity. Which antibody region determines class?
| back 22 C. Constant region |
front 23 A B cell generates antibody
diversity by recombining inherited
DNA segments. Which gene segments are involved? | back 23 D. V, D, J, C |
front 24 A developing B cell pastes different
antibody gene segments together to generate many
receptor possibilities. What is this strategy called? | back 24 A. Modular design |
front 25 During antibody gene recombination,
nucleotide bases are added or removed at segment
junctions, creating extra variability. What is this called? | back 25 C. Junctional diversity |
front 26 Why does the immune system use modular design and junctional
diversity to make antibodies? | back 26 B. To create massive diversity |
front 27 Roughly how many different antibodies are needed to protect against
possible invaders? | back 27 A. 100 million |
front 28 Humans generate millions of unique antibodies using only a ____ amount of DNA through a highly efficient process called ____ recombination | back 28 Humans generate millions of unique antibodies using only a limited amount of DNA through a highly efficient process called VDJ recombination |
front 29 After a B cell creates its antibody “recipe,” where are small batches
of antibody displayed? | back 29 C. On the B-cell surface |
front 30 Surface antibodies on a B cell function as which receptor? | back 30 B. B cell receptor |
front 31 On a B cell receptor, which region faces outward to search for
matching antigen? | back 31 A. Fab region |
front 32 The specific molecule that fits a B cell’s antigen-binding region is
called what? | back 32 D. Cognate antigen |
front 33 A naive B cell encounters the exact antigen fitting its surface
receptor. What is the expected result? | back 33 C. B-cell proliferation |
front 34 Following the initial encounter with its cognate antigen, it generally takes about ___ to ___ days for a naïve B cell to undergo massive clonal expansion and differentiate into antibody-secreting effector cells (plasma cells). | back 34 4 to 5 days |
front 35 After finding its cognate antigen, a B cell expands into
approximately how many clones?
| back 35 B. 20,000 clones |
front 36 A plasma cell is working at maximum
antibody-secreting capacity during an acute infection. How
many antibodies can it produce per second?
| back 36 B. 2,000 |
front 37 The main defensive role of antibodies against foreign invaders is
best described as which function? | back 37 C. Tag invaders for destruction |
front 38 A bacterium becomes coated with antibodies, making
it easier for phagocytes to recognize and destroy it.
What is this process called? | back 38 B. Opsonization |
front 39 A patient develops antibodies that bind viral particles
before they infect respiratory epithelial cells. Which
antibody type best describes this action? | back 39 A. Neutralizing antibody |
front 40 A neutralizing antibody binds a viral particle outside a host cell.
What is one major effect? | back 40 A. Blocks viral entry |
front 41 A patient has circulating antibodies against an enveloped virus, but
some virions have already entered epithelial cells and
uncoated in the cytosol. Why can the antibodies not
directly bind those intracellular virions? | back 41 B. Antibodies cannot cross intact membranes |
front 42 Antibodies primarily circulate in which body compartment? | back 42 A. Extracellular fluids |
front 43 Which location would normally contain circulating soluble antibodies?
| back 43 C. Blood plasma |
front 44 A virus successfully enters and uncoats inside a host cell without
prior antibody binding. What protects it from direct antibody
binding? | back 44 A. Its intracellular location |
front 45 A child with impaired thymic development has
defective maturation of which immune cell
type? | back 45 B. T cells |
front 46 Which group correctly lists the three main T-cell types? | back 46 A. Killer, helper, regulatory |
front 47
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are another name for which
T-cell type? | back 47 C. Killer T cells |
front 48 A T cell determines whether a host cell is infected by
inspecting molecules displayed on the cell surface.
What does it inspect? | back 48 D. MHC |
front 49 T cells can indirectly “view” intracellular contents
because cells display peptides using which molecule?
| back 49 A. MHC |
front 50 Most nucleated body cells use which MHC class to
show intracellular material?
| back 50 A. Class I MHC |
front 51
Killer T cells mainly inspect which
MHC class? | back 51 B. Class I MHC |
front 52 A virally infected epithelial cell displays abnormal
intracellular peptides. Which immune cell is most directly
involved in checking it? | back 52 C. Killer T cell |
front 53
Certain immune cells display extracellular
antigen fragments to helper T cells. What are these cells
called? | back 53 A. Antigen-presenting cells |
front 54
Antigen-presenting cells use which MHC
class to communicate with helper T cells?
| back 54 B. Class II MHC |
front 55
Helper T cells primarily assess
infection in which environment through class II MHC? | back 55 B. Extracellular environment |
front 56 Class I MHC is structurally composed of one long chain plus which
smaller chain? | back 56 D. B2-microglobulin |
front 57 Which structure is part of class I MHC but not class
II MHC? | back 57 A. B2-microglobulin |
front 58 Class II MHC is made of which two long chains? | back 58 B. Alpha and beta |
front 59 Which statement correctly describes class I MHC? | back 59 A. One long chain |
front 60 Which statement correctly describes class II MHC structure? | back 60 B. Two long chains |
front 61 B cells and T cells are collectively called what? | back 61 Lymphocytes |
front 62 After an infection is cleared, most expanded B and T cells
undergo cell death. What are the surviving
long-lived cells called?
| back 62 B. Memory cells |
front 63 During a second exposure to the same pathogen, the
adaptive immune system responds faster. Which cells
mainly explain this? | back 63 A. Memory cells |
front 64 A vaccine works partly because some lymphocytes survive after
the initial response. What is the main benefit of these
cells? | back 64 A. Faster secondary response |