bones
rigid stuctures that form the skeleton
joints
locations where two bones meet / allow movement
muscle
tissues that contract to create movement
ligaments
connective tissue that connects BONE TO BONE
tendons
connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
cartilage
flexible tissue that cushions joints
bone structure
- stores minerals such as calcium/ phosphorus
bone marrow
soft tissue inside bones that produces blood cells
types of bones
long bones
longer than they are wide (femur )
types of bones
short bones
sube shaped (wrist bones)
types of bones
flat bones
thin protective bones ( ribs/skull)
types of bones
irregular bones
complex (vertebrae)
joints
joint
point where two bones connect
joints
ball and socket joint
allows movement in many directions (hips/shoulder)
joints
hinge joint
allows bending / straightening
joints
pivoet joint
allows rotation (neck)
muscles
skeletal mucles
voluntary muscle attached to bones
muscles
muscle contractions
shortening of muscle fibers to move a bone
muscles
muscles work in pairs one contracts while the other relaxes
cartilage
smooth flexible connective tissue covering the bone ends
- reduces friction between bones during movement
- act as a shock absorber
- dammage to this= arthritis
aging
sarcopenia
age related loss to msucle mass/ strength
functional mobility
ability to perform daily movement task such as walking or standing
effects of immobility
muscle atrophy
wasting / decrease in muscle size from lack of use
effects of immobility
contrcature
permanent tightening of muscles/ joints
nero assessment
5 P'S
- pain
- pallor
- pulselessness
- parathesia- numbness/ tingling
- paralysis / inability to move. (late sign)
- poikilothermia
closed fracture
bone broken but skin intact
open fracture
bone breaks through the skin
comminuted fracture
bone shattered into several peices
greenstick fracture
incomplete break often seen in children
cast
rigid immobilization device surrounding the injured limb
splint
supportive device that stabilizes but allows swelling
immobilization
restricting movement to allow healing
traction
- use of weights & pulleys to align bones & reduces muscle spasms
skin tracction
applied to skin using straps
skeletal tractions
applied directly to bone using pins
compartment syndrome
increased pressure within muscle compartments reducing blood flow
fat embolism
fat globules enter blood stream after long bone fracture (petechial rash)
osteomyelitis
infection of bone tissue
assitive devices cane height
wrist level
asssitive devices crutches
elbows flexed 30 degree
-weight on hand grips
-4 point gait = most stable
traction
- weights must hang freely
- trapeze var= helps pt move in bed
- risk: immobility complications
dignostic test
EMG
no caffeine / smoking
diagnostic test
MRI
remove all metal / stay still
diagnostic test
Arthroscopy
monitor pulses
joint replacment
hip precautions
-****NO CROSSING LEGS/ NO BENDING MORE THAN 90 DEGREES