Histo 20 Flashcards

A patient with urinary obstruction has dilation extending from bladder outlet upward through urinary tract organs. Which set includes all major urinary system components? A) Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra B) Cortex, medulla, pelvis, papilla C) Nephron, glomerulus, tubule, duct D) Calyx, pelvis, ureter, artery

A nephrologist explains that the kidneys maintain internal stability by regulating several variables. Which set best reflects renal homeostatic functions? A) Bile flow and digestion B) Electrolytes, water, pH, blood pressure C) Insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, bile D) Oxygen transport and clotting factors

Which kidney function directly removes metabolic waste products from blood? A) Vitamin D activation B) Erythropoietin secretion C) Filtration and excretion D) Renin release

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia, hypertension, and abnormal calcium metabolism. Which endocrine functions are impaired? A) ADH, ANP, calcitonin B) Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin C) Cortisol, aldosterone, androgens D) EPO, renin, vitamin D activation

Gross examination of a normal kidney shows an outer region surrounding an inner region divided into pyramids. Which pairing is correct? A) Outer medulla, inner cortex B) Outer cortex, inner medulla C) Outer pelvis, inner capsule D) Outer papilla, inner calyx

A kidney section contains an inner medulla divided into multiple pyramids. How many renal pyramids are typically present? A) 2–4 B) 4–6 C) 6–8 D) 8–12

Cortical tissue extending into the medulla separates adjacent renal pyramids. What are these extensions called? A) Renal columns B) Medullary rays C) Minor calyces D) Arcuate vessels

A histology slide shows renal corpuscles with nearby convoluted and straight tubules. Which kidney region is being examined? A) Inner medulla B) Renal papilla C) Cortex D) Renal pelvis

In the renal cortex, medullary rays are formed by aggregation of which structures? A) Glomeruli and afferent arterioles B) Straight tubules and collecting ducts C) Renal columns and pyramids D) Calyces and renal papillae

A renal lobe is defined by which anatomic unit? A) Minor calyx plus renal pelvis B) Cortex only C) Medulla only D) Pyramid plus associated cortex

Which renal pyramid orientation is correct? A) Base cortex, papilla minor calyx B) Base pelvis, papilla cortex C) Base medulla, papilla cortex D) Base calyx, papilla capsule

A renal papilla projects into a minor calyx. The minor calyx is most directly a branch of what? A) Ureter B) Renal artery C) Major calyx D) Renal vein

At the hilum, which structure continues into the ureter to carry urine toward the bladder? A) Major calyx B) Renal pelvis C) Renal papilla D) Collecting duct

Renal arterial blood first enters the kidney through which vessel before branching between pyramids? A) Renal artery B) Interlobular artery C) Arcuate artery D) Afferent arteriole

Which renal arteries run between renal pyramids? A) Arcuate arteries B) Interlobular arteries C) Afferent arterioles D) Interlobar arteries

Which renal arteries turn along the base of the renal pyramids? A) Interlobar arteries B) Arcuate arteries C) Interlobular arteries D) Efferent arterioles

Which vessels branch from arcuate arteries and supply the renal cortex? A) Interlobar arteries B) Renal arteries C) Interlobular arteries D) Vasa recta

In the cortex, each glomerulus receives blood from which vessel? A) Afferent arteriole B) Efferent arteriole C) Interlobar artery D) Peritubular capillary

Glomerular capillaries reunite to form which vessel? A) Afferent arteriole B) Interlobular vein C) Arcuate artery D) Efferent arteriole

The efferent arteriole gives rise to which second capillary network? A) Glomerular capillaries B) Peritubular capillaries C) Interlobar capillaries D) Arcuate capillaries

Some peritubular capillaries form long loops that accompany thin nephron segments. What are these loops? A) Medullary rays B) Renal columns C) Vasa recta D) Arcuate loops

Which venous drainage sequence correctly follows peritubular capillaries? A) Interlobular, arcuate, interlobar, renal B) Arcuate, interlobar, interlobular, renal C) Interlobar, arcuate, interlobular, renal D) Renal, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular

Which arterial sequence correctly supplies the renal cortex after the renal artery? A) Arcuate, interlobar, interlobular B) Interlobular, arcuate, interlobar C) Afferent, arcuate, interlobar D) Interlobar, arcuate, interlobular

Which statement best summarizes the nephron’s overall role in the kidney? A) Vascular unit for filtration only B) Structural and functional unit C) Collecting duct drainage unit D) Capsule surrounding renal cortex

Which sequence best describes the nephron’s major parts after the renal corpuscle? A) Proximal thick, thin, distal thick B) Distal thick, thin, proximal thick C) Thin, proximal thick, distal thick D) Collecting duct, thin, corpuscle

The distal convoluted tubule ultimately connects to a collecting tubule that opens where? A) Renal cortex B) Renal papilla C) Renal pelvis D) Minor calyx

A renal corpuscle is best described as which paired structure? A) Glomerulus plus Bowman capsule B) Macula densa plus arteriole C) PCT plus collecting duct D) Loop plus renal papilla

Which combination forms the renal filtration apparatus? A) Endothelium, GBM, podocytes B) Mesangium, macula densa, JG cells C) Urothelium, detrusor, adventitia D) PCT, loop, collecting duct

A mutation disrupts the negatively charged filtration barrier containing type IV and XVIII collagens. Which structure is affected? A) Podocyte pedicel B) Bowman space C) Glomerular basement membrane D) Macula densa

The GBM acts as which type of filtration barrier? A) Physical and ion-selective B) Hormonal and pressure-selective C) Cellular and enzyme-selective D) Contractile and water-selective

Which podocyte structures interdigitate to form spaces covered by slit diaphragms? A) Pedicels B) Cilia C) Microvilli D) Stereocilia

A child has proteinuria from disrupted slit diaphragm integrity. Which protein is most directly relevant? A) Nephrin B) Renin C) Uroplakin D) Aquaporin

Which protein pair helps maintain filtration apparatus integrity? A) Nephrin and podocalyxin B) Renin and angiotensin C) Uroplakin and desmin D) Aquaporin and actin

The GBM is shared among several capillaries, creating space for which cells? A) Podocytes B) Mesangial cells C) Macula densa cells D) Principal cells

Which function is performed by mesangial cells? A) Renin secretion B) Sodium sensing C) Residue phagocytosis D) Urothelial stretching

Which set best captures mesangial cell roles? A) Phagocytosis, support, distention modulation B) Renin secretion, sodium sensing, filtration C) Water reabsorption, ADH response, secretion D) Stretching, permeability barrier, signaling

Which component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus monitors tubular sodium concentration? A) Macula densa B) Podocyte C) Mesangial matrix D) Transitional epithelium

Which juxtaglomerular apparatus component secretes renin? A) Macula densa B) Juxtaglomerular cells C) Podocytes D) Urothelial cells

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure primarily by activating which system? A) RAAS B) ADH axis C) ANP pathway D) Sympathetic chain

Which three structures compose the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A) Macula densa, JG cells, extraglomerular mesangium B) Podocytes, GBM, glomerular endothelium C) PCT, loop, collecting duct D) Urothelium, smooth muscle, adventitia

Glomerular ultrafiltrate becomes final urine through epithelial transport in which structures? A) Tubules and collecting ducts B) Arterioles and capillaries C) Calyces and renal pelvis D) Ureters and bladder

Which tubule first receives ultrafiltrate from Bowman capsule? A) Proximal convoluted tubule B) Distal convoluted tubule C) Thick ascending limb D) Cortical collecting duct

The proximal convoluted tubule is the major initial reabsorption site for which substances? A) Glucose, amino acids, water, electrolytes B) Urea, creatinine, bile, proteins C) Sodium only D) Potassium only

Reabsorption continues from the PCT into the proximal straight tubule, also called what? A) Thick descending limb B) Thick ascending limb C) Thin ascending limb D) Distal straight tubule

Which loop of Henle permeability pairing is correct? A) Descending water, ascending NaCl B) Descending NaCl, ascending water C) Descending urea, ascending glucose D) Descending potassium, ascending protein

The loop of Henle primarily modifies ultrafiltrate by doing what? A) Concentrating it B) Filtering plasma C) Creating urothelium D) Producing renin

The distal straight tubule corresponds to which nephron segment? A) Thick ascending limb B) Thick descending limb C) Thin descending limb D) Proximal straight tubule

Where does the distal straight tubule contact the afferent arteriole and form the macula densa? A) Near its renal corpuscle B) At renal papilla C) Within bladder trigone D) Inside renal pelvis

The distal convoluted tubule empties ultrafiltrate into which structure? A) Cortical collecting duct B) Proximal straight tubule C) Bowman capsule D) Thin descending limb

The cortical collecting duct in the medullary ray further adjusts which electrolytes? A) Sodium and potassium B) Calcium and phosphate C) Magnesium and chloride D) Glucose and amino acids

As medullary collecting ducts enlarge, their lining transitions from cuboidal cells to what? A) Columnar cells B) Squamous cells C) Transitional cells D) Endothelial cells

Which structures regulate collecting duct water reabsorption in response to ADH? A) Aquaporins B) Pedicels C) Slit diaphragms D) Urothelial plaques

Collecting ducts open at the renal papilla, where modified ultrafiltrate is now called what? A) Urine B) Plasma C) Lymph D) Filtrate

Except for the urethra, excretory passages share which general organization? A) Urothelium, smooth muscle, adventitia B) Podocytes, GBM, endothelium C) PCT, loop, DCT D) Serosa, cartilage, skeletal muscle

Transitional epithelium is best described as which epithelial type? A) Specialized stratified epithelium B) Simple squamous epithelium C) Simple cuboidal epithelium D) Keratinized squamous epithelium

Which cells characterize transitional epithelium by bulging into the lumen? A) Umbrella cells B) Podocytes C) Mesangial cells D) Juxtaglomerular cells

Umbrella cells accommodate stretching using which apical membrane specializations? A) Plaques and fusiform vesicles B) Pedicels and slit diaphragms C) Cilia and stereocilia D) Microvilli and tight junctions

What are two major functions of transitional epithelium? A) Permeability barrier and signaling B) Filtration and renin secretion C) Glucose transport and filtration D) Contraction and urine propulsion

The ureter conducts urine between which two structures? A) Renal pelvis to bladder B) Bladder to external orifice C) Papilla to minor calyx D) Cortex to medulla

Which ureter wall organization is correct? A) Urothelium, three muscle layers, adventitia B) Squamous lining, detrusor, serosa C) Podocytes, GBM, endothelium D) Columnar lining, cartilage, adventitia

The urinary bladder has mucosal folds except in which region? A) Trigone B) Dome C) Neck D) Apex

The thick, well-developed muscular wall of the bladder forms which muscle? A) Detrusor muscle B) Cremaster muscle C) Sphincter ani D) Psoas muscle

The urethra conveys urine from the bladder to which destination? A) External urethral orifice B) Renal pelvis C) Renal papilla D) Minor calyx

Which epithelial sequence lines the female urethra from upper half to termination? A) Transitional, pseudostratified, stratified squamous B) Squamous, transitional, pseudostratified C) Pseudostratified, squamous, transitional D) Columnar, cuboidal, transitional

Which male urethral region is lined by transitional epithelium? A) Prostatic urethra B) Membranous urethra C) Penile urethra D) External meatus

The membranous urethra pierces which structure? A) External urethral sphincter B) Detrusor muscle C) Renal papilla D) Bladder trigone

Which male urethral region is long and lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium? A) Penile urethra B) Prostatic urethra C) Membranous urethra D) Bladder neck