front 1 A patient with urinary obstruction has dilation extending from bladder outlet upward through urinary tract organs. Which set includes all major urinary system components? A) Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra B) Cortex, medulla, pelvis, papilla C) Nephron, glomerulus, tubule, duct D) Calyx, pelvis, ureter, artery | back 1 A. Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
front 2 A nephrologist explains that the kidneys maintain internal stability by regulating several variables. Which set best reflects renal homeostatic functions? A) Bile flow and digestion B) Electrolytes, water, pH, blood pressure C) Insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, bile D) Oxygen transport and clotting factors | back 2 B. Electrolytes, water, pH, blood pressure |
front 3 Which kidney function directly removes metabolic waste products from blood? A) Vitamin D activation B) Erythropoietin secretion C) Filtration and excretion D) Renin release | back 3 C. Filtration and excretion |
front 4 A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia, hypertension, and abnormal calcium metabolism. Which endocrine functions are impaired? A) ADH, ANP, calcitonin B) Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin C) Cortisol, aldosterone, androgens D) EPO, renin, vitamin D activation | back 4 D. EPO, renin, vitamin D activation |
front 5 Gross examination of a normal kidney shows an outer region surrounding an inner region divided into pyramids. Which pairing is correct? A) Outer medulla, inner cortex B) Outer cortex, inner medulla C) Outer pelvis, inner capsule D) Outer papilla, inner calyx | back 5 B. Outer cortex, inner medulla |
front 6 A kidney section contains an inner medulla divided into multiple pyramids. How many renal pyramids are typically present? A) 2–4 B) 4–6 C) 6–8 D) 8–12 | back 6 D. 8–12 |
front 7 Cortical tissue extending into the medulla separates adjacent renal pyramids. What are these extensions called? A) Renal columns B) Medullary rays C) Minor calyces D) Arcuate vessels | back 7 A. Renal columns |
front 8 A histology slide shows renal corpuscles with nearby convoluted and straight tubules. Which kidney region is being examined? A) Inner medulla B) Renal papilla C) Cortex D) Renal pelvis | back 8 C. Cortex |
front 9 In the renal cortex, medullary rays are formed by aggregation of which structures? A) Glomeruli and afferent arterioles B) Straight tubules and collecting ducts C) Renal columns and pyramids D) Calyces and renal papillae | back 9 B. Straight tubules and collecting ducts |
front 10 A renal lobe is defined by which anatomic unit? A) Minor calyx plus renal pelvis B) Cortex only C) Medulla only D) Pyramid plus associated cortex | back 10 D. Pyramid plus associated cortex |
front 11 Which renal pyramid orientation is correct? A) Base cortex, papilla minor calyx B) Base pelvis, papilla cortex C) Base medulla, papilla cortex D) Base calyx, papilla capsule | back 11 A. Base cortex, papilla minor calyx |
front 12 A renal papilla projects into a minor calyx. The minor calyx is most directly a branch of what? A) Ureter B) Renal artery C) Major calyx D) Renal vein | back 12 C. Major calyx |
front 13 At the hilum, which structure continues into the ureter to carry urine toward the bladder? A) Major calyx B) Renal pelvis C) Renal papilla D) Collecting duct | back 13 B. Renal pelvis |
front 14 Renal arterial blood first enters the kidney through which vessel before branching between pyramids? A) Renal artery B) Interlobular artery C) Arcuate artery D) Afferent arteriole | back 14 A. Renal artery |
front 15 Which renal arteries run between renal pyramids? A) Arcuate arteries B) Interlobular arteries C) Afferent arterioles D) Interlobar arteries | back 15 D. Interlobar arteries |
front 16 Which renal arteries turn along the base of the renal pyramids? A) Interlobar arteries B) Arcuate arteries C) Interlobular arteries D) Efferent arterioles | back 16 B. Arcuate arteries |
front 17 Which vessels branch from arcuate arteries and supply the renal cortex? A) Interlobar arteries B) Renal arteries C) Interlobular arteries D) Vasa recta | back 17 C. Interlobular arteries |
front 18 In the cortex, each glomerulus receives blood from which vessel? A) Afferent arteriole B) Efferent arteriole C) Interlobar artery D) Peritubular capillary | back 18 A. Afferent arteriole |
front 19 Glomerular capillaries reunite to form which vessel? A) Afferent arteriole B) Interlobular vein C) Arcuate artery D) Efferent arteriole | back 19 D. Efferent arteriole |
front 20 The efferent arteriole gives rise to which second capillary network? A) Glomerular capillaries B) Peritubular capillaries C) Interlobar capillaries D) Arcuate capillaries | back 20 B. Peritubular capillaries |
front 21 Some peritubular capillaries form long loops that accompany thin nephron segments. What are these loops? A) Medullary rays B) Renal columns C) Vasa recta D) Arcuate loops | back 21 C. Vasa recta |
front 22 Which venous drainage sequence correctly follows peritubular capillaries? A) Interlobular, arcuate, interlobar, renal B) Arcuate, interlobar, interlobular, renal C) Interlobar, arcuate, interlobular, renal D) Renal, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular | back 22 A. Interlobular, arcuate, interlobar, renal |
front 23 Which arterial sequence correctly supplies the renal cortex after the renal artery? A) Arcuate, interlobar, interlobular B) Interlobular, arcuate, interlobar C) Afferent, arcuate, interlobar D) Interlobar, arcuate, interlobular | back 23 D. Interlobar, arcuate, interlobular |
front 24 Which statement best summarizes the nephron’s overall role in the kidney? A) Vascular unit for filtration only B) Structural and functional unit C) Collecting duct drainage unit D) Capsule surrounding renal cortex | back 24 B. Structural and functional unit |
front 25 Which sequence best describes the nephron’s major parts after the renal corpuscle? A) Proximal thick, thin, distal thick B) Distal thick, thin, proximal thick C) Thin, proximal thick, distal thick D) Collecting duct, thin, corpuscle | back 25 A. Proximal thick, thin, distal thick |
front 26 The distal convoluted tubule ultimately connects to a collecting tubule that opens where? A) Renal cortex B) Renal papilla C) Renal pelvis D) Minor calyx | back 26 B. Renal papilla |
front 27 A renal corpuscle is best described as which paired structure? A) Glomerulus plus Bowman capsule B) Macula densa plus arteriole C) PCT plus collecting duct D) Loop plus renal papilla | back 27 A. Glomerulus plus Bowman capsule |
front 28 Which combination forms the renal filtration apparatus? A) Endothelium, GBM, podocytes B) Mesangium, macula densa, JG cells C) Urothelium, detrusor, adventitia D) PCT, loop, collecting duct | back 28 A. Endothelium, GBM, podocytes |
front 29 A mutation disrupts the negatively charged filtration barrier containing type IV and XVIII collagens. Which structure is affected? A) Podocyte pedicel B) Bowman space C) Glomerular basement membrane D) Macula densa | back 29 C. Glomerular basement membrane |
front 30 The GBM acts as which type of filtration barrier? A) Physical and ion-selective B) Hormonal and pressure-selective C) Cellular and enzyme-selective D) Contractile and water-selective | back 30 A. Physical and ion-selective |
front 31 Which podocyte structures interdigitate to form spaces covered by slit diaphragms? A) Pedicels B) Cilia C) Microvilli D) Stereocilia | back 31 A. Pedicels |
front 32 A child has proteinuria from disrupted slit diaphragm integrity. Which protein is most directly relevant? A) Nephrin B) Renin C) Uroplakin D) Aquaporin | back 32 A. Nephrin |
front 33 Which protein pair helps maintain filtration apparatus integrity? A) Nephrin and podocalyxin B) Renin and angiotensin C) Uroplakin and desmin D) Aquaporin and actin | back 33 A. Nephrin and podocalyxin |
front 34 The GBM is shared among several capillaries, creating space for which cells? A) Podocytes B) Mesangial cells C) Macula densa cells D) Principal cells | back 34 B. Mesangial cells |
front 35 Which function is performed by mesangial cells? A) Renin secretion B) Sodium sensing C) Residue phagocytosis D) Urothelial stretching | back 35 C. Residue phagocytosis |
front 36 Which set best captures mesangial cell roles? A) Phagocytosis, support, distention modulation B) Renin secretion, sodium sensing, filtration C) Water reabsorption, ADH response, secretion D) Stretching, permeability barrier, signaling | back 36 A. Phagocytosis, support, distention modulation |
front 37 Which component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus monitors tubular sodium concentration? A) Macula densa B) Podocyte C) Mesangial matrix D) Transitional epithelium | back 37 A. Macula densa |
front 38 Which juxtaglomerular apparatus component secretes renin? A) Macula densa B) Juxtaglomerular cells C) Podocytes D) Urothelial cells | back 38 B. Juxtaglomerular cells |
front 39 The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure primarily by activating which system? A) RAAS B) ADH axis C) ANP pathway D) Sympathetic chain | back 39 A. RAAS |
front 40 Which three structures compose the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A) Macula densa, JG cells, extraglomerular mesangium B) Podocytes, GBM, glomerular endothelium C) PCT, loop, collecting duct D) Urothelium, smooth muscle, adventitia | back 40 A. Macula densa, JG cells, extraglomerular mesangium |
front 41 Glomerular ultrafiltrate becomes final urine through epithelial transport in which structures? A) Tubules and collecting ducts B) Arterioles and capillaries C) Calyces and renal pelvis D) Ureters and bladder | back 41 A. Tubules and collecting ducts |
front 42 Which tubule first receives ultrafiltrate from Bowman capsule? A) Proximal convoluted tubule B) Distal convoluted tubule C) Thick ascending limb D) Cortical collecting duct | back 42 A. Proximal convoluted tubule |
front 43 The proximal convoluted tubule is the major initial reabsorption site for which substances? A) Glucose, amino acids, water, electrolytes B) Urea, creatinine, bile, proteins C) Sodium only D) Potassium only | back 43 A. Glucose, amino acids, water, electrolytes |
front 44 Reabsorption continues from the PCT into the proximal straight tubule, also called what? A) Thick descending limb B) Thick ascending limb C) Thin ascending limb D) Distal straight tubule | back 44 A. Thick descending limb |
front 45 Which loop of Henle permeability pairing is correct? A) Descending water, ascending NaCl B) Descending NaCl, ascending water C) Descending urea, ascending glucose D) Descending potassium, ascending protein | back 45 A. Descending water, ascending NaCl |
front 46 The loop of Henle primarily modifies ultrafiltrate by doing what? A) Concentrating it B) Filtering plasma C) Creating urothelium D) Producing renin | back 46 A. Concentrating it |
front 47 The distal straight tubule corresponds to which nephron segment? A) Thick ascending limb B) Thick descending limb C) Thin descending limb D) Proximal straight tubule | back 47 A. Thick ascending limb |
front 48 Where does the distal straight tubule contact the afferent arteriole and form the macula densa? A) Near its renal corpuscle B) At renal papilla C) Within bladder trigone D) Inside renal pelvis | back 48 A. Near its renal corpuscle |
front 49 The distal convoluted tubule empties ultrafiltrate into which structure? A) Cortical collecting duct B) Proximal straight tubule C) Bowman capsule D) Thin descending limb | back 49 A. Cortical collecting duct |
front 50 The cortical collecting duct in the medullary ray further adjusts which electrolytes? A) Sodium and potassium B) Calcium and phosphate C) Magnesium and chloride D) Glucose and amino acids | back 50 A. Sodium and potassium |
front 51 As medullary collecting ducts enlarge, their lining transitions from cuboidal cells to what? A) Columnar cells B) Squamous cells C) Transitional cells D) Endothelial cells | back 51 A. Columnar cells |
front 52 Which structures regulate collecting duct water reabsorption in response to ADH? A) Aquaporins B) Pedicels C) Slit diaphragms D) Urothelial plaques | back 52 A. Aquaporins |
front 53 Collecting ducts open at the renal papilla, where modified ultrafiltrate is now called what? A) Urine B) Plasma C) Lymph D) Filtrate | back 53 A. Urine |
front 54 Except for the urethra, excretory passages share which general organization? A) Urothelium, smooth muscle, adventitia B) Podocytes, GBM, endothelium C) PCT, loop, DCT D) Serosa, cartilage, skeletal muscle | back 54 A. Urothelium, smooth muscle, adventitia |
front 55 Transitional epithelium is best described as which epithelial type? A) Specialized stratified epithelium B) Simple squamous epithelium C) Simple cuboidal epithelium D) Keratinized squamous epithelium | back 55 A. Specialized stratified epithelium |
front 56 Which cells characterize transitional epithelium by bulging into the lumen? A) Umbrella cells B) Podocytes C) Mesangial cells D) Juxtaglomerular cells | back 56 A. Umbrella cells |
front 57 Umbrella cells accommodate stretching using which apical membrane specializations? A) Plaques and fusiform vesicles B) Pedicels and slit diaphragms C) Cilia and stereocilia D) Microvilli and tight junctions | back 57 A. Plaques and fusiform vesicles |
front 58 What are two major functions of transitional epithelium? A) Permeability barrier and signaling B) Filtration and renin secretion C) Glucose transport and filtration D) Contraction and urine propulsion | back 58 A. Permeability barrier and signaling |
front 59 The ureter conducts urine between which two structures? A) Renal pelvis to bladder B) Bladder to external orifice C) Papilla to minor calyx D) Cortex to medulla | back 59 A. Renal pelvis to bladder |
front 60 Which ureter wall organization is correct? A) Urothelium, three muscle layers, adventitia B) Squamous lining, detrusor, serosa C) Podocytes, GBM, endothelium D) Columnar lining, cartilage, adventitia | back 60 A. Urothelium, three muscle layers, adventitia |
front 61 The urinary bladder has mucosal folds except in which region? A) Trigone B) Dome C) Neck D) Apex | back 61 A. Trigone |
front 62 The thick, well-developed muscular wall of the bladder forms which muscle? A) Detrusor muscle B) Cremaster muscle C) Sphincter ani D) Psoas muscle | back 62 A. Detrusor muscle |
front 63 The urethra conveys urine from the bladder to which destination? A) External urethral orifice B) Renal pelvis C) Renal papilla D) Minor calyx | back 63 A. External urethral orifice |
front 64 Which epithelial sequence lines the female urethra from upper half to termination? A) Transitional, pseudostratified, stratified squamous B) Squamous, transitional, pseudostratified C) Pseudostratified, squamous, transitional D) Columnar, cuboidal, transitional | back 64 A. Transitional, pseudostratified, stratified squamous |
front 65 Which male urethral region is lined by transitional epithelium? A) Prostatic urethra B) Membranous urethra C) Penile urethra D) External meatus | back 65 A. Prostatic urethra |
front 66 The membranous urethra pierces which structure? A) External urethral sphincter B) Detrusor muscle C) Renal papilla D) Bladder trigone | back 66 A. External urethral sphincter |
front 67 Which male urethral region is long and lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium? A) Penile urethra B) Prostatic urethra C) Membranous urethra D) Bladder neck | back 67 A. Penile urethra |