Structural levels of organizations: Chemical
atoms are the smallest units of matter and participate in chemical reactions to form molecules.
Inorganic- H20, O2,Ca+
organic- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
structural levels of organizations: cellular level
four macromolecules and inorganic moles come together to form the basic structural and functional units of all organisms called a cells.
Structural levels of organizations: tissue
comprised of groups of cells and surrounding materials that have a similar structure and origin.
four basic tissue types: epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous
structural levels of organizations: organ
Created when two or more different types of tissues combine within a single structure to perform a specific function
Structural levels of organizations: system
consists of related organs which have a common function
the human body is divided into 11 systems
structural levels of organizations: organismal
Any living individual is an organism and refers to the parts at all other levels functioning together
The process of stem cells becoming specialized
Differentiaiton
Reverses a change in a controlled condition and usually regulate conditions in the body that remain fairly stable over long period of time.
Negative feedback systems
Blood pressure, blood sugar, body temperature is an example of what feedback systems?
Negative
strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditons and usually reinforces conditions that DO NOT happen very often
Positive feedback systems
Childbirth and blood clotting is an example of what feedback systems?
Positive
What’s is the anatomical position?
Standardized method of observing and describing regions or parts of the human body when it is in a specific stance
Body is erect and facing forward
arms are at the side
palms of hand are facing forward
feet are flat and parallel with floor
Examples of what?
anatomical position
Part located toward the head or upper body (UP)
superior
Part located away from head or lower body (down)
inferior
Part located at front of body
anterior
Part located at back of body
posterior
Part located near imaginary midline of body
medial
Part located further from imaginary midline
lateral
Part located between two other structures
intermediate
Part located on same side of body
ipsilateral
A part located o the opposite side of the body as another part
contralateral
Part located on both side of body
bilateral
A structure that is nearer to the point of attachment to the limb or trunk
proximal
A structure that is farther from the point of attachment to the limb or trunk
distal
A part that is closer or on the surface of body
superficial
A part that is farther away from surface of body
Deep
When a person lies face down
prone
When a person lies face up
supine
Used to divide the body vertically (side to side) into right and left sections
sagittal
Used to dived body into front and back (anterior and posterior sections)
coronal plane or frontal plane
Used to dived the body into top and bottom ( superior and inferior)
transverse plane
Used to divide body into a slanted section or 45 degree angle
Oblique plane
Refers to any Simpson of the body or structure in the direction of the long axis of a structure
longitudinal plane
this cavity contains the cranial cavity (brain) and the vertebral cavity ( spinal column)
dorsal cavity
This cavity contains the thoracic cavity (chest) that is further divided into pleural cavity containing the lungs and pericardial cavity containing the heart
ventral cavity
Thin slippery membranes which cover the organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also line the walls of the thorax and abdomen
serous membranes
Visceral membranes covers what
organs
Parietal membrane lines what
the cavities
Pleura lines what
Lungs
Pericardial lines what
Heart
Peritoneum lines what
stomach
Junctions that provide tight continuous seals that prevent paddle of fluid across the cell membrane
tight junctions
Junctions that occur between adjacent cells and require rapid and direct connections between cells and composed of connexons
gap junctions
Fasten cells to one another or to extracellular materials
anchoring junctions
Arranged in multiple skin layers
stratified epithelium
Arranged in a single layer that appears to have multiple layers and not all cells reach the surface giving the multilayer look
pseudostratified epithelium
Cells that are flat or scale like for rapid paddle of substances
Squamous cells
Cells appear cube shaped and may have microvilli function insecretion and absorption
cuboidal cells
cells are taller than wide and may be classified as ciliated columnar epithelium or columnar epithelium
columnar cells
Has a variable apperance with shapes ranging from squamous when stretched to cuboidal when relaxed and is found where the skin meets lips
transitional epithelium
Contains all fiber types and several cell types; in and around nearly every body structure and known as the “packing material” of the body
Areolar
Is a fat tissue; cells and adipocytes are filled with triglycerides instead of cytoplasm
adipose
Resembles a fine, lacy, dispersed network of reticular fibers that form the stroma and know as the framework or “mattress”
reticular
Voluntary control and usually attached to bones by tendons
skeletal muscle tissue
Involuntary control and in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, bladder, GI tract
smooth muscle tissue
The epidermis layers are
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
The dermis is composed of two regions
papillary and reticular region
Oil glands
sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
sudoriferous( apocrine & eccrine)
Ear wax producer
ceruminous
Process of making blood cells and platelets
hemopoiesis
Cells that are located within Osteogenic layer of the periosteum and undergo cell division giving rise to the osteoblasts and cartilage cells
Osteogenic cells
Cells that are responsible for secreting collagen fibers and organic components associated with the formation of the extracellular matrix as well as initiating calcification
Osteoblasts
Osteo means what
bone
Blast means what
building
Clast means what
break down
Cells that are responsible for daily metabolic activities including the exchange of nutrients and wastes of the blood
osteocytes
Cells that are involved in the growth, maintenance, and repair of bone and regulate calcium levels in blood
osteoblasts
55-65% of extracellular matrix of bone tissue and responsible for bone hardness
Hydroxyapatites
The process of fracture repair
a fracture hematoma forms
internal and external calli form( soft callus)
the soft callus ossifies into a hard callus
remodeling occurs
A weak electrical current produced within the bones when they are stressed and stimulates osteoblast activity
piezoelectric effect
Allow for the formation of joints
depressions(fossa)
Allow for the passage of soft tissues, nerves, and blood vessels
Opening (foramen or meatus)
Projections or outgrowths of the bone and involved in joint formation or points of attachment for connective tissue including ligaments and tendons and for muscles
condyles
Difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton
axial includes the bones which lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body and consist of 80 bones
appendicualr includes both upper and lower extremities as well as the heights and consist of 126 bones
A keystone cranial bone
sphenoid
Fracture of this bone is associated with strangulations
hyoid bone
Pituitary bone found in the depression of this bone
sella turcica
Benefits of the ethmoid cells/pockets in nasal cavity
warms and moistens air
cleanses air
enhance sense of smell
Significant functions of the atlas
supports the head
Significant functions of the axis
an upward projection called the painters process and for lateral rotation of head
Highly elastic and acts as shock absorbers
nucleus pulposus
Ways the skeletal system contributes to homeostasis
producing new red blood cells as old ones die off
help maintain level of calcium in blood stream
Where the coxal bone unite anteriorly
pubic symphysis
Only bone of the foot that articulates with the fibula and tibia
talus
7 tarsal bone
Talus
calcaneus
navicula
lateral cuniform
intermediate cuniform
medial cuniform
cuboid
Female pelvis is
wider
Male pelvis is
skinnier
Little or no movement
ex. Skull
synarthroses
Slight moveable joints
ex. Vertebrae
amphiarthroses
Moveable/synovial joints
ex. Hip + shoulders
diarthroses
What joint structure is found in the knees
Diarthroses
What joint structure is found between ribs and vertebrae
amphiarthroses
What joint structure is found between cranial bones
synarthroses
Tooth in its socket is the only example of this type of joint
gomphosis
What is pes planus?
flat foot
Synarthrotic means
No movement
Amphiarthroses means
slight movement
Site of contraction and relaxtion of muscle tissue
the sarcomere
Steps involved in muscle contraction
Calcium ion bond troponin, causing the troponin- tropomyosin complex to move away from the myosin binding site on actin initiating the contraction cycle
Calcium ions, cause the mitochondria to release energy ATP
The energize myosin has attaches to the myosin binding site on acting forming cross bridge
Cross the bridge rotates towards the center of Sacramento mirror generating force, which sides the thin filament passed the thick filament toward the in-line also known aspower stroke
The attachment to stationary bone is called what
the origin
The attachment to the movable bone is call what
the insertions
First class lever
EFL
Second class lever
FLE
Third class lever
most common; FEL
A muscles that causes a desired action is referred to as the prime mover or
Agonist
Stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover and also produce an opposite action
antagonist
What stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so it can act more efficiently
a fixator
Used to blink and squint eyes
orbciularis oculi
Raises eyebrows
frontal or frontalis
Prime mover to raise the mandible; aids in chewing
masseter
Your “kisser”
Orbicularis oris
Tenses neck during shaving
playstma
Detection of changes inside and outside the body by specialized cells called sensory receptors and carry info to brain and spinal cord
sensory neurons (afferent)
The ingratitude of sensory stimuli occurs along the
interneurons
Reacting to change through action of the organ system such as the glands and muscles
motor neurons (efferent)
What are the major divisions of the nervous system
CNS,PNS,SNS,ANS,ENS
CNS involve
brain and spinal cord and processes incoming sensory information
PNS involve
Cranial and spinal nerves
SNS involve
sensory neurons that convey information to the CNS from receptors in the head, bod wall, limbs and includes motor neurons that conduct impulses to skeletal muscles
ANS involves
Includes sensory neurons that convey information to the CNS primarily from visceral organs
ENS involves
consist of over 100 million neurons in enteric plexuses
Most common glial cell type and form myelin sheath around more than one axon in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
Attach to blood vessels forming a blood brain barrier that prevents harmful substances and organisms from entering the CNS
astrocyte
Engage in cell eating of cellular debris and damaged nervous tissue
microglia
Produce the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
ependymal
Input and conducting zone of a neuron
Cell body and dendrites and axons
damaging these nerves result in respiratory arrest
phrenic nerves
Parts of brain stem
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
Parts of the diencephalon
thalamus
Hypothalamus
epithalamus
A special mechanism composed of neuroglial termed astrocytes and prevents certain materials from passing from the blood to the CSF and the brain
Blood Brain Barrier
When pyramids cross each other close to the spinal cord junction at a point is called
decussation
Relay station for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
Monitors BP, BS, and temp of blood
controls autonomic nervous system
regulates pituitary gland
regulates emotional and behavioral patterns
regulates eating and drinking
Hypothalamus
Master gland and in the hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Known as the 3rd eye and secrets hormone melatonin
pineal gland
The cerebrum is separated into right and left halves hemisphere by the longitudinal fissure it is formed from an infolding of meningitis
Falx cerebri
First motor neuron in ANS motor pathway and cell body embedded in the brain or spinal cord
Preganglionic
Second motor neuron in ANS motor pathway and cell body and dendrites entirely outside the CNS
postganglionic