front 1 Structural levels of organizations: Chemical | back 1 atoms are the smallest units of matter and participate in chemical reactions to form molecules. Inorganic- H20, O2,Ca+ organic- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
front 2 structural levels of organizations: cellular level | back 2 four macromolecules and inorganic moles come together to form the basic structural and functional units of all organisms called a cells. |
front 3 Structural levels of organizations: tissue | back 3 comprised of groups of cells and surrounding materials that have a similar structure and origin. four basic tissue types: epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous |
front 4 structural levels of organizations: organ | back 4 Created when two or more different types of tissues combine within a single structure to perform a specific function |
front 5 Structural levels of organizations: system | back 5 consists of related organs which have a common function the human body is divided into 11 systems |
front 6 structural levels of organizations: organismal | back 6 Any living individual is an organism and refers to the parts at all other levels functioning together |
front 7 The process of stem cells becoming specialized | back 7 Differentiaiton |
front 8 Reverses a change in a controlled condition and usually regulate conditions in the body that remain fairly stable over long period of time. | back 8 Negative feedback systems |
front 9 Blood pressure, blood sugar, body temperature is an example of what feedback systems? | back 9 Negative |
front 10 strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditons and usually reinforces conditions that DO NOT happen very often | back 10 Positive feedback systems |
front 11 Childbirth and blood clotting is an example of what feedback systems? | back 11 Positive |
front 12 What’s is the anatomical position? | back 12 Standardized method of observing and describing regions or parts of the human body when it is in a specific stance |
front 13 Body is erect and facing forward arms are at the side palms of hand are facing forward feet are flat and parallel with floor Examples of what? | back 13 anatomical position |
front 14 Part located toward the head or upper body (UP) | back 14 superior |
front 15 Part located away from head or lower body (down) | back 15 inferior |
front 16 Part located at front of body | back 16 anterior |
front 17 Part located at back of body | back 17 posterior |
front 18 Part located near imaginary midline of body | back 18 medial |
front 19 Part located further from imaginary midline | back 19 lateral |
front 20 Part located between two other structures | back 20 intermediate |
front 21 Part located on same side of body | back 21 ipsilateral |
front 22 A part located o the opposite side of the body as another part | back 22 contralateral |
front 23 Part located on both side of body | back 23 bilateral |
front 24 A structure that is nearer to the point of attachment to the limb or trunk | back 24 proximal |
front 25 A structure that is farther from the point of attachment to the limb or trunk | back 25 distal |
front 26 A part that is closer or on the surface of body | back 26 superficial |
front 27 A part that is farther away from surface of body | back 27 Deep |
front 28 When a person lies face down | back 28 prone |
front 29 When a person lies face up | back 29 supine |
front 30 Used to divide the body vertically (side to side) into right and left sections | back 30 sagittal |
front 31 Used to dived body into front and back (anterior and posterior sections) | back 31 coronal plane or frontal plane |
front 32 Used to dived the body into top and bottom ( superior and inferior) | back 32 transverse plane |
front 33 Used to divide body into a slanted section or 45 degree angle | back 33 Oblique plane |
front 34 Refers to any Simpson of the body or structure in the direction of the long axis of a structure | back 34 longitudinal plane |
front 35 this cavity contains the cranial cavity (brain) and the vertebral cavity ( spinal column) | back 35 dorsal cavity |
front 36 This cavity contains the thoracic cavity (chest) that is further divided into pleural cavity containing the lungs and pericardial cavity containing the heart | back 36 ventral cavity |
front 37 Thin slippery membranes which cover the organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also line the walls of the thorax and abdomen | back 37 serous membranes |
front 38 Visceral membranes covers what | back 38 organs |
front 39 Parietal membrane lines what | back 39 the cavities |
front 40 Pleura lines what | back 40 Lungs |
front 41 Pericardial lines what | back 41 Heart |
front 42 Peritoneum lines what | back 42 stomach |
front 43 Junctions that provide tight continuous seals that prevent paddle of fluid across the cell membrane | back 43 tight junctions |
front 44 Junctions that occur between adjacent cells and require rapid and direct connections between cells and composed of connexons | back 44 gap junctions |
front 45 Fasten cells to one another or to extracellular materials | back 45 anchoring junctions |
front 46 Arranged in multiple skin layers | back 46 stratified epithelium |
front 47 Arranged in a single layer that appears to have multiple layers and not all cells reach the surface giving the multilayer look | back 47 pseudostratified epithelium |
front 48 Cells that are flat or scale like for rapid paddle of substances | back 48 Squamous cells |
front 49 Cells appear cube shaped and may have microvilli function insecretion and absorption | back 49 cuboidal cells |
front 50 cells are taller than wide and may be classified as ciliated columnar epithelium or columnar epithelium | back 50 columnar cells |
front 51 Has a variable apperance with shapes ranging from squamous when stretched to cuboidal when relaxed and is found where the skin meets lips | back 51 transitional epithelium |
front 52 Contains all fiber types and several cell types; in and around nearly every body structure and known as the “packing material” of the body | back 52 Areolar |
front 53 Is a fat tissue; cells and adipocytes are filled with triglycerides instead of cytoplasm | back 53 adipose |
front 54 Resembles a fine, lacy, dispersed network of reticular fibers that form the stroma and know as the framework or “mattress” | back 54 reticular |
front 55 Voluntary control and usually attached to bones by tendons | back 55 skeletal muscle tissue |
front 56 Involuntary control and in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, bladder, GI tract | back 56 smooth muscle tissue |
front 57 The epidermis layers are | back 57 stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale |
front 58 The dermis is composed of two regions | back 58 papillary and reticular region |
front 59 Oil glands | back 59 sebaceous glands |
front 60 Sweat glands | back 60 sudoriferous( apocrine & eccrine) |
front 61 Ear wax producer | back 61 ceruminous |
front 62 Process of making blood cells and platelets | back 62 hemopoiesis |
front 63 Cells that are located within Osteogenic layer of the periosteum and undergo cell division giving rise to the osteoblasts and cartilage cells | back 63 Osteogenic cells |
front 64 Cells that are responsible for secreting collagen fibers and organic components associated with the formation of the extracellular matrix as well as initiating calcification | back 64 Osteoblasts |
front 65 Osteo means what | back 65 bone |
front 66 Blast means what | back 66 building |
front 67 Clast means what | back 67 break down |
front 68 Cells that are responsible for daily metabolic activities including the exchange of nutrients and wastes of the blood | back 68 osteocytes |
front 69 Cells that are involved in the growth, maintenance, and repair of bone and regulate calcium levels in blood | back 69 osteoblasts |
front 70 55-65% of extracellular matrix of bone tissue and responsible for bone hardness | back 70 Hydroxyapatites |
front 71 The process of fracture repair | back 71 a fracture hematoma forms internal and external calli form( soft callus) the soft callus ossifies into a hard callus remodeling occurs |
front 72 A weak electrical current produced within the bones when they are stressed and stimulates osteoblast activity | back 72 piezoelectric effect |
front 73 Allow for the formation of joints | back 73 depressions(fossa) |
front 74 Allow for the passage of soft tissues, nerves, and blood vessels | back 74 Opening (foramen or meatus) |
front 75 Projections or outgrowths of the bone and involved in joint formation or points of attachment for connective tissue including ligaments and tendons and for muscles | back 75 condyles |
front 76 Difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton | back 76 axial includes the bones which lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body and consist of 80 bones appendicualr includes both upper and lower extremities as well as the heights and consist of 126 bones |
front 77 A keystone cranial bone | back 77 sphenoid |
front 78 Fracture of this bone is associated with strangulations | back 78 hyoid bone |
front 79 Pituitary bone found in the depression of this bone | back 79 sella turcica |
front 80 Benefits of the ethmoid cells/pockets in nasal cavity | back 80 warms and moistens air cleanses air enhance sense of smell |
front 81 Significant functions of the atlas | back 81 supports the head |
front 82 Significant functions of the axis | back 82 an upward projection called the painters process and for lateral rotation of head |
front 83 Highly elastic and acts as shock absorbers | back 83 nucleus pulposus |
front 84 Ways the skeletal system contributes to homeostasis | back 84 producing new red blood cells as old ones die off help maintain level of calcium in blood stream |
front 85 Where the coxal bone unite anteriorly | back 85 pubic symphysis |
front 86 Only bone of the foot that articulates with the fibula and tibia | back 86 talus |
front 87 7 tarsal bone | back 87 Talus calcaneus navicula lateral cuniform intermediate cuniform medial cuniform cuboid |
front 88 Female pelvis is | back 88 wider |
front 89 Male pelvis is | back 89 skinnier |
front 90 Little or no movement ex. Skull | back 90 synarthroses |
front 91 Slight moveable joints ex. Vertebrae | back 91 amphiarthroses |
front 92 Moveable/synovial joints ex. Hip + shoulders | back 92 diarthroses |
front 93 What joint structure is found in the knees | back 93 Diarthroses |
front 94 What joint structure is found between ribs and vertebrae | back 94 amphiarthroses |
front 95 What joint structure is found between cranial bones | back 95 synarthroses |
front 96 Tooth in its socket is the only example of this type of joint | back 96 gomphosis |
front 97 What is pes planus? | back 97 flat foot |
front 98 Synarthrotic means | back 98 No movement |
front 99 Amphiarthroses means | back 99 slight movement |
front 100 Site of contraction and relaxtion of muscle tissue | back 100 the sarcomere |
front 101 Steps involved in muscle contraction | back 101 Calcium ion bond troponin, causing the troponin- tropomyosin complex to move away from the myosin binding site on actin initiating the contraction cycle Calcium ions, cause the mitochondria to release energy ATP The energize myosin has attaches to the myosin binding site on acting forming cross bridge Cross the bridge rotates towards the center of Sacramento mirror generating force, which sides the thin filament passed the thick filament toward the in-line also known aspower stroke |
front 102 The attachment to stationary bone is called what | back 102 the origin |
front 103 The attachment to the movable bone is call what | back 103 the insertions |
front 104 First class lever | back 104 EFL |
front 105 Second class lever | back 105 FLE |
front 106 Third class lever | back 106 most common; FEL |
front 107 A muscles that causes a desired action is referred to as the prime mover or | back 107 Agonist |
front 108 Stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover and also produce an opposite action | back 108 antagonist |
front 109 What stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so it can act more efficiently | back 109 a fixator |
front 110 Used to blink and squint eyes | back 110 orbciularis oculi |
front 111 Raises eyebrows | back 111 frontal or frontalis |
front 112 Prime mover to raise the mandible; aids in chewing | back 112 masseter |
front 113 Your “kisser” | back 113 Orbicularis oris |
front 114 Tenses neck during shaving | back 114 playstma |
front 115 Detection of changes inside and outside the body by specialized cells called sensory receptors and carry info to brain and spinal cord | back 115 sensory neurons (afferent) |
front 116 The ingratitude of sensory stimuli occurs along the | back 116 interneurons |
front 117 Reacting to change through action of the organ system such as the glands and muscles | back 117 motor neurons (efferent) |
front 118 What are the major divisions of the nervous system | back 118 CNS,PNS,SNS,ANS,ENS |
front 119 CNS involve | back 119 brain and spinal cord and processes incoming sensory information |
front 120 PNS involve | back 120 Cranial and spinal nerves |
front 121 SNS involve | back 121 sensory neurons that convey information to the CNS from receptors in the head, bod wall, limbs and includes motor neurons that conduct impulses to skeletal muscles |
front 122 ANS involves | back 122 Includes sensory neurons that convey information to the CNS primarily from visceral organs |
front 123 ENS involves | back 123 consist of over 100 million neurons in enteric plexuses |
front 124 Most common glial cell type and form myelin sheath around more than one axon in the CNS | back 124 oligodendrocytes |
front 125 Attach to blood vessels forming a blood brain barrier that prevents harmful substances and organisms from entering the CNS | back 125 astrocyte |
front 126 Engage in cell eating of cellular debris and damaged nervous tissue | back 126 microglia |
front 127 Produce the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) | back 127 ependymal |
front 128 Input and conducting zone of a neuron | back 128 Cell body and dendrites and axons |
front 129 damaging these nerves result in respiratory arrest | back 129 phrenic nerves |
front 130 Parts of brain stem | back 130 medulla oblongata pons midbrain |
front 131 Parts of the diencephalon | back 131 thalamus Hypothalamus epithalamus |
front 132 A special mechanism composed of neuroglial termed astrocytes and prevents certain materials from passing from the blood to the CSF and the brain | back 132 Blood Brain Barrier |
front 133 When pyramids cross each other close to the spinal cord junction at a point is called | back 133 decussation |
front 134 Relay station for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex | back 134 thalamus |
front 135 Monitors BP, BS, and temp of blood controls autonomic nervous system regulates pituitary gland regulates emotional and behavioral patterns regulates eating and drinking | back 135 Hypothalamus |
front 136 Master gland and in the hypothalamus | back 136 Pituitary gland |
front 137 Known as the 3rd eye and secrets hormone melatonin | back 137 pineal gland |
front 138 The cerebrum is separated into right and left halves hemisphere by the longitudinal fissure it is formed from an infolding of meningitis | back 138 Falx cerebri |
front 139 First motor neuron in ANS motor pathway and cell body embedded in the brain or spinal cord | back 139 Preganglionic |
front 140 Second motor neuron in ANS motor pathway and cell body and dendrites entirely outside the CNS | back 140 postganglionic |