Structural levels of organizations: Chemical

atoms are the smallest units of matter and participate in chemical reactions to form molecules.

Inorganic- H20, O2,Ca+

organic- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

structural levels of organizations: cellular level

four macromolecules and inorganic moles come together to form the basic structural and functional units of all organisms called a cells.

Structural levels of organizations: tissue

comprised of groups of cells and surrounding materials that have a similar structure and origin.

four basic tissue types: epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous

structural levels of organizations: organ

Created when two or more different types of tissues combine within a single structure to perform a specific function

Structural levels of organizations: system

consists of related organs which have a common function

the human body is divided into 11 systems

structural levels of organizations: organismal

Any living individual is an organism and refers to the parts at all other levels functioning together

The process of stem cells becoming specialized

Differentiaiton

Reverses a change in a controlled condition and usually regulate conditions in the body that remain fairly stable over long period of time.

Negative feedback systems

Blood pressure, blood sugar, body temperature is an example of what feedback systems?

Negative

strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditons and usually reinforces conditions that DO NOT happen very often

Positive feedback systems

Childbirth and blood clotting is an example of what feedback systems?

Positive

What’s is the anatomical position?

Standardized method of observing and describing regions or parts of the human body when it is in a specific stance

Body is erect and facing forward

arms are at the side

palms of hand are facing forward

feet are flat and parallel with floor

Examples of what?

anatomical position

Part located toward the head or upper body (UP)

superior

Part located away from head or lower body (down)

inferior

Part located at front of body

anterior

Part located at back of body

posterior

Part located near imaginary midline of body

medial

Part located further from imaginary midline

lateral

Part located between two other structures

intermediate

Part located on same side of body

ipsilateral

A part located o the opposite side of the body as another part

contralateral

Part located on both side of body

bilateral

A structure that is nearer to the point of attachment to the limb or trunk

proximal

A structure that is farther from the point of attachment to the limb or trunk

distal

A part that is closer or on the surface of body

superficial

A part that is farther away from surface of body

Deep

When a person lies face down

prone

When a person lies face up

supine

Used to divide the body vertically (side to side) into right and left sections

sagittal

Used to dived body into front and back (anterior and posterior sections)

coronal plane or frontal plane

Used to dived the body into top and bottom ( superior and inferior)

transverse plane

Used to divide body into a slanted section or 45 degree angle

Oblique plane

Refers to any Simpson of the body or structure in the direction of the long axis of a structure

longitudinal plane

this cavity contains the cranial cavity (brain) and the vertebral cavity ( spinal column)

dorsal cavity

This cavity contains the thoracic cavity (chest) that is further divided into pleural cavity containing the lungs and pericardial cavity containing the heart

ventral cavity

Thin slippery membranes which cover the organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also line the walls of the thorax and abdomen

serous membranes

Visceral membranes covers what

organs

Parietal membrane lines what

the cavities

Pleura lines what

Lungs

Pericardial lines what

Heart

Peritoneum lines what

stomach

Junctions that provide tight continuous seals that prevent paddle of fluid across the cell membrane

tight junctions

Junctions that occur between adjacent cells and require rapid and direct connections between cells and composed of connexons

gap junctions

Fasten cells to one another or to extracellular materials

anchoring junctions

Arranged in multiple skin layers

stratified epithelium

Arranged in a single layer that appears to have multiple layers and not all cells reach the surface giving the multilayer look

pseudostratified epithelium

Cells that are flat or scale like for rapid paddle of substances

Squamous cells

Cells appear cube shaped and may have microvilli function insecretion and absorption

cuboidal cells

cells are taller than wide and may be classified as ciliated columnar epithelium or columnar epithelium

columnar cells

Has a variable apperance with shapes ranging from squamous when stretched to cuboidal when relaxed and is found where the skin meets lips

transitional epithelium

Contains all fiber types and several cell types; in and around nearly every body structure and known as the “packing material” of the body

Areolar

Is a fat tissue; cells and adipocytes are filled with triglycerides instead of cytoplasm

adipose

Resembles a fine, lacy, dispersed network of reticular fibers that form the stroma and know as the framework or “mattress”

reticular

Voluntary control and usually attached to bones by tendons

skeletal muscle tissue

Involuntary control and in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, bladder, GI tract

smooth muscle tissue

The epidermis layers are

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

The dermis is composed of two regions

papillary and reticular region

Oil glands

sebaceous glands

Sweat glands

sudoriferous( apocrine & eccrine)

Ear wax producer

ceruminous

Process of making blood cells and platelets

hemopoiesis

Cells that are located within Osteogenic layer of the periosteum and undergo cell division giving rise to the osteoblasts and cartilage cells

Osteogenic cells

Cells that are responsible for secreting collagen fibers and organic components associated with the formation of the extracellular matrix as well as initiating calcification

Osteoblasts

Osteo means what

bone

Blast means what

building

Clast means what

break down

Cells that are responsible for daily metabolic activities including the exchange of nutrients and wastes of the blood

osteocytes

Cells that are involved in the growth, maintenance, and repair of bone and regulate calcium levels in blood

osteoblasts

55-65% of extracellular matrix of bone tissue and responsible for bone hardness

Hydroxyapatites

The process of fracture repair

a fracture hematoma forms

internal and external calli form( soft callus)

the soft callus ossifies into a hard callus

remodeling occurs

A weak electrical current produced within the bones when they are stressed and stimulates osteoblast activity

piezoelectric effect

Allow for the formation of joints

depressions(fossa)

Allow for the passage of soft tissues, nerves, and blood vessels

Opening (foramen or meatus)

Projections or outgrowths of the bone and involved in joint formation or points of attachment for connective tissue including ligaments and tendons and for muscles

condyles

Difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton

axial includes the bones which lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body and consist of 80 bones

appendicualr includes both upper and lower extremities as well as the heights and consist of 126 bones

A keystone cranial bone

sphenoid

Fracture of this bone is associated with strangulations

hyoid bone

Pituitary bone found in the depression of this bone

sella turcica

Benefits of the ethmoid cells/pockets in nasal cavity

warms and moistens air

cleanses air

enhance sense of smell

Significant functions of the atlas

supports the head

Significant functions of the axis

an upward projection called the painters process and for lateral rotation of head

Highly elastic and acts as shock absorbers

nucleus pulposus

Ways the skeletal system contributes to homeostasis

producing new red blood cells as old ones die off

help maintain level of calcium in blood stream

Where the coxal bone unite anteriorly

pubic symphysis

Only bone of the foot that articulates with the fibula and tibia

talus

7 tarsal bone

Talus

calcaneus

navicula

lateral cuniform

intermediate cuniform

medial cuniform

cuboid

Female pelvis is

wider

Male pelvis is

skinnier

Little or no movement

ex. Skull

synarthroses

Slight moveable joints

ex. Vertebrae

amphiarthroses

Moveable/synovial joints

ex. Hip + shoulders

diarthroses

What joint structure is found in the knees

Diarthroses

What joint structure is found between ribs and vertebrae

amphiarthroses

What joint structure is found between cranial bones

synarthroses

Tooth in its socket is the only example of this type of joint

gomphosis

What is pes planus?

flat foot

Synarthrotic means

No movement

Amphiarthroses means

slight movement

Site of contraction and relaxtion of muscle tissue

the sarcomere

Steps involved in muscle contraction

Calcium ion bond troponin, causing the troponin- tropomyosin complex to move away from the myosin binding site on actin initiating the contraction cycle

Calcium ions, cause the mitochondria to release energy ATP

The energize myosin has attaches to the myosin binding site on acting forming cross bridge

Cross the bridge rotates towards the center of Sacramento mirror generating force, which sides the thin filament passed the thick filament toward the in-line also known aspower stroke

The attachment to stationary bone is called what

the origin

The attachment to the movable bone is call what

the insertions

First class lever

EFL

Second class lever

FLE

Third class lever

most common; FEL

A muscles that causes a desired action is referred to as the prime mover or

Agonist

Stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover and also produce an opposite action

antagonist

What stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so it can act more efficiently

a fixator

Used to blink and squint eyes

orbciularis oculi

Raises eyebrows

frontal or frontalis

Prime mover to raise the mandible; aids in chewing

masseter

Your “kisser”

Orbicularis oris

Tenses neck during shaving

playstma

Detection of changes inside and outside the body by specialized cells called sensory receptors and carry info to brain and spinal cord

sensory neurons (afferent)

The ingratitude of sensory stimuli occurs along the

interneurons

Reacting to change through action of the organ system such as the glands and muscles

motor neurons (efferent)

What are the major divisions of the nervous system

CNS,PNS,SNS,ANS,ENS

CNS involve

brain and spinal cord and processes incoming sensory information

PNS involve

Cranial and spinal nerves

SNS involve

sensory neurons that convey information to the CNS from receptors in the head, bod wall, limbs and includes motor neurons that conduct impulses to skeletal muscles

ANS involves

Includes sensory neurons that convey information to the CNS primarily from visceral organs

ENS involves

consist of over 100 million neurons in enteric plexuses

Most common glial cell type and form myelin sheath around more than one axon in the CNS

oligodendrocytes

Attach to blood vessels forming a blood brain barrier that prevents harmful substances and organisms from entering the CNS

astrocyte

Engage in cell eating of cellular debris and damaged nervous tissue

microglia

Produce the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

ependymal

Input and conducting zone of a neuron

Cell body and dendrites and axons

damaging these nerves result in respiratory arrest

phrenic nerves

Parts of brain stem

medulla oblongata

pons

midbrain

Parts of the diencephalon

thalamus

Hypothalamus

epithalamus

A special mechanism composed of neuroglial termed astrocytes and prevents certain materials from passing from the blood to the CSF and the brain

Blood Brain Barrier

When pyramids cross each other close to the spinal cord junction at a point is called

decussation

Relay station for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex

thalamus

Monitors BP, BS, and temp of blood

controls autonomic nervous system

regulates pituitary gland

regulates emotional and behavioral patterns

regulates eating and drinking

Hypothalamus

Master gland and in the hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Known as the 3rd eye and secrets hormone melatonin

pineal gland

The cerebrum is separated into right and left halves hemisphere by the longitudinal fissure it is formed from an infolding of meningitis

Falx cerebri

First motor neuron in ANS motor pathway and cell body embedded in the brain or spinal cord

Preganglionic

Second motor neuron in ANS motor pathway and cell body and dendrites entirely outside the CNS

postganglionic