Phys 19 Flashcards

A patient receives rapid isotonic volume expansion, and vascular capacitance does not change. Which immediate arterial pressure response is expected?

A) It falls transiently

B) It increases

C) It remains fixed

D) It oscillates only

If arterial pressure falls below the renal-body fluid equilibrium point, which salt-water relationship occurs?

A) Output exceeds intake

B) Intake equals output

C) Intake exceeds output

D) Output becomes zero

A patient’s arterial pressure is chronically below the renal equilibrium point. Which response tends to restore pressure?

A) Salt-water loss lowers pressure

B) Salt-water retention raises pressure

C) Natriuresis lowers blood volume

D) Diuresis lowers venous return

The renal-body fluid mechanism returns arterial pressure toward its equilibrium point over time. Which control principle describes this?

A) Near-infinite feedback gain

B) Positive feedback gain

C) Zero feedback gain

D) Baroreceptor resetting

Which two variables primarily determine long-term arterial pressure?

A) Heart rate; stroke volume

B) Baroreceptors; chemoreceptors

C) Hematocrit; plasma proteins

D) Renal curve; salt-water intake

A patient has a chronic new mean arterial pressure. According to the renal-body fluid model, what must have changed?

A) Cardiac contractility alone

B) Renal curve or intake

C) Brainstem reflexes only

D) Venous valves only

Chronic arterial pressure elevation increases renal salt-water output partly by decreasing which influence?

A) Sympathetic and hormonal activity

B) Plasma protein filtration

C) Tubular sodium delivery

D) Vascular capacitance

When arterial pressure rises chronically, what happens to sympathetic activity and salt-retaining hormonal signals?

A) Both increase

B) Sympathetic increases only

C) Hormones increase only

D) Both decrease

When blood pressure falls, which neurohormonal response helps reduce renal salt-water output?

A) SNS inhibition; natriuretic hormones

B) SNS activation; antinatriuretic hormones

C) Parasympathetic activation; nitric oxide

D) Baroreceptor activation; sodium excretion

A patient with low blood pressure retains salt and water beyond the direct pressure effect. Which mechanism contributes

? A) Increased antinatriuretic hormones

B) Decreased sympathetic activity

C) Increased pressure natriuresis

D) Decreased tubular reabsorption

Which pair of abnormalities makes blood pressure more salt sensitive?

A) High GFR; low aldosterone

B) Low TPR; high capacitance

C) Nephron loss; antinatriuretic excess

D) Low protein; high filtration

Excess antinatriuretic hormone formation predisposes to salt-sensitive hypertension by impairing which process?

A) Pulmonary gas exchange

B) Renal salt-water excretion

C) Red cell production

D) Cardiac valve closure

A drug acutely increases total peripheral resistance throughout the body. What immediately happens to arterial pressure?

A) It remains unchanged

B) It equals venous pressure

C) It falls immediately

D) It rises immediately

If vascular resistance increases everywhere except inside the kidneys, what happens to the renal-body fluid equilibrium pressure?

A) It shifts lower

B) It does not change

C) It becomes unregulated

D) It shifts higher

Why does isolated systemic vasoconstriction outside the kidneys fail to chronically reset arterial pressure?

A) Kidney equilibrium remains unchanged

B) Cardiac output cannot change

C) Baroreceptors permanently compensate

D) Sodium intake becomes irrelevant

A patient’s total peripheral resistance rises along with intrarenal vascular resistance. What long-term outcome may occur?

A) Hypotension from natriuresis

B) Normal pressure from kidneys

C) Hypertension from renal shift

D) Edema without pressure change

Increased extracellular fluid volume raises blood volume, which next increases which variable?

A) Bowman hydrostatic pressure

B) Pulmonary wedge pressure only

C) Glomerular oncotic pressure

D) Mean circulatory filling pressure

A patient’s mean circulatory filling pressure increases after extracellular fluid expansion. Which hemodynamic effect follows next?

A) Decreased cardiac output

B) Increased venous return

C) Decreased arterial pressure

D) Increased renal obstruction

If kidney function is normal, increased arterial pressure helps restore extracellular fluid volume by increasing excretion of what?

A) Protein and glucose

B) Urea and creatinine

C) Salt and water

D) Calcium and albumin

An increase in cardiac output can indirectly raise arterial pressure through which mechanism?

A) Reduced renal resistance

B) Increased vascular capacitance

C) Tissue blood flow autoregulation

D) Decreased peripheral resistance

Which pairing best distinguishes direct and indirect effects of increased cardiac output on arterial pressure?

A) Natriuresis; diuresis

B) Flow effect; autoregulation effect

C) Baroreflex; chemoreflex

D) Oncotic pressure; hydrostatic pressure

When excess blood flows through a tissue, local arterioles constrict to return flow toward normal. What process is this?

A) Autoregulation

B) Pressure diuresis

C) Capillary filtration

D) Micturition

A patient eats a very high-salt meal. Which sequence best explains how extracellular fluid volume increases afterward?

A) Osmolality falls; thirst decreases

B) Osmolality rises; thirst increases

C) ADH falls; water intake decreases

D) Sodium exits; plasma volume falls

Excess salt in extracellular fluid stimulates thirst primarily because it causes which initial change?

A) Plasma proteins decrease

B) Blood volume immediately falls

C) Fluid osmolality increases

D) Renin release stops

A patient with chronic severe hypertension develops increased cardiac workload and dies from ischemic heart disease. Which terminal event is emphasized as a common cause of death?

A) Pulmonary embolism

B) Brain herniation

C) Uremic coma

D) Heart attack

High blood pressure damages a major cerebral blood vessel, followed by death of major brain regions. What event is being described?

A) Cerebral infarct

B) Hydrocephalus

C) Nephrotic syndrome

D) Tabes dorsalis

Which organ is almost always injured by longstanding high blood pressure, eventually causing uremia and death?

A) Liver

B) Kidneys

C) Pancreas

D) Spleen

A patient with severe kidney failure is maintained on dialysis. What must be carefully controlled each dialysis session?

A) Brainstem reflex tone

B) Plasma fatty acid binding

C) Body fluid volume

D) Erythrocyte lifespan

A dialysis patient requires removal of the correct amount of which substances to maintain normal body fluid volume?

A) Protein and glucose

B) Urea and creatinine

C) Calcium and phosphate

D) Water and salt

A small adrenal gland tumor secretes excessive aldosterone and causes hypertension with sodium retention. What disorder is this?

A) Primary aldosteronism

B) Two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension

C) Minimal change nephropathy

D) Central diabetes insipidus

When arterial pressure falls too low, the kidneys release which protein enzyme to help restore pressure?

A) Aldosterone

B) Renin

C) Angiotensin II

D) Angiotensinase

Renin is synthesized and stored in juxtaglomerular cells in which inactive precursor form?

A) Angiotensinogen

B) Angiotensin I

C) Prorenin

D) Angiotensin II

Juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells located mainly in which vessel walls?

A) Efferent arterioles distally

B) Cortical veins near pelvis

C) Vasa recta near medulla

D) Afferent arterioles proximally

Most renin released from juxtaglomerular cells enters which compartment before circulating systemically?

A) Renal blood

B) Bowman capsule

C) Ureter lumen

D) Renal pelvis

Renin acts enzymatically on angiotensinogen to release which peptide?

A) Angiotensin II

B) Angiotensin I

C) Aldosterone

D) Bradykinin

Angiotensin-converting enzyme forms angiotensin II by removing how many amino acids from angiotensin I?

A) Two amino acids

B) Four amino acids

C) Six amino acids

D) Eight amino acids

Angiotensin-converting enzyme is especially present in the endothelium of which vessels?

A) Renal afferent arterioles

B) Portal venous vessels

C) Lung vessels

D) Cerebral vessels

Angiotensin II persists in blood only briefly because it is rapidly degraded by which enzymes?

A) Angiotensinases

B) Kinases

C) Phosphatases

D) Carbonic anhydrases

Which pair represents the two principal arterial pressure–raising effects of angiotensin II?

A) Natriuresis; vasodilation

B) Diuresis; thirst suppression

C) Vasoconstriction; renal retention

D) Protein loss; plasma dilution

Angiotensin II decreases renal excretion of which substances to help elevate arterial pressure?

A) Protein and glucose

B) Calcium and fatty acids

C) Urea and creatinine

D) Salt and water

Angiotensin II promotes aldosterone secretion from which organ?

A) Kidney

B) Adrenal gland

C) Liver

D) Pituitary

A patient has a tumor of renin-secreting juxtaglomerular cells. Which downstream change directly drives severe hypertension?

A) Excess angiotensin II formation

B) Excess sodium loss

C) Loss of aldosterone secretion

D) Loss of renal arteriolar tone

After systemic arterial pressure reaches a new stable level in renal hypertension, which pressure returns almost to normal?

A) Portal venous pressure

B) Bowman capsule pressure

C) Renal arterial pressure

D) Bladder pressure

Hypertension can occur when one renal artery is constricted while the other kidney’s artery is what?

A) Also constricted

B) Completely occluded

C) Surgically removed

D) Normal

Stenosis of a single renal artery in a person with two kidneys causes which named hypertension model?

A) Two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension

B) Primary aldosteronism

C) One-kidney endocrine hypertension

D) Malignant nephrotic hypertension

Two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension is commonly modeled by stenosis of what structure?

A) Both ureters

B) One renal artery

C) Both renal veins

D) One adrenal vein

In two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, which kidney secretes excess renin?

A) Normal kidney only

B) Both kidneys equally

C) Constricted kidney

D) Contralateral kidney only

In two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, the constricted kidney retains salt and water because of which local change?

A) Increased renal arterial pressure

B) Increased renal venous pressure

C) Increased renal plasma proteins

D) Decreased renal arterial pressure

Which pairing best distinguishes primary aldosteronism from juxtaglomerular cell tumor hypertension?

A) Adrenal aldosterone excess; renin excess

B) Renin excess; aldosterone deficiency

C) ADH excess; angiotensinase deficiency

D) Sodium loss; water loss

Which statement best compares renin and angiotensin II persistence in blood?

A) Renin lasts longer

B) Angiotensin II lasts longer

C) Both last hours

D) Both last seconds

A patient has excess extracellular salt and drinks more water. Which final volume effect follows thirst stimulation?

A) Intracellular volume collapses

B) Extracellular volume increases

C) Plasma volume always decreases

D) Renal blood flow ceases

Which chronic hypertension complication sequence is most accurate?

A) Kidney injury; uremia; death

B) Liver fibrosis; ascites; death

C) Bladder reflux; micturition; death

D) Proteinuria; hydronephrosis; death

Which intervention is especially important for patients maintained on an artificial kidney?

A) Prevent all sodium filtration

B) Maintain normal fluid volume

C) Increase renin secretion

D) Block all thirst signals

In two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, why does the “normal” kidney retain salt and water?

A) Its renal artery is stenosed

B) Circulating RAAS hormones act on it

C) It loses all pressure natriuresis

D) Its ureter becomes obstructed

In two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, renin from the ischemic kidney causes formation of which circulating mediators that affect the opposite kidney?

A) NO and bradykinin

B) EPO and calcitriol

C) ADH and ANP

D) Angiotensin II and aldosterone

A patient has congenital aortic narrowing beyond the head and arm branches but before the renal arteries. Which diagnosis best fits?

A) Coarctation of the aorta

B) Two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension

C) Primary aldosteronism

D) Preeclampsia

In coarctation of the aorta, the constriction is classically located in which position?

A) Distal to renal arteries

B) Proximal to head branches

C) Distal head branches; proximal renal arteries

D) Within both renal arteries

A patient with coarctation has high upper-body arterial pressure. Which mechanism best explains this finding?

A) Low upper-body resistance

B) Excess renal salt excretion

C) Low cardiac output

D) High collateral vascular resistance

In coarctation of the aorta, lower-body blood flow is carried mainly through which vessels?

A) Pulmonary collateral arteries

B) Small body-wall collaterals

C) Renal arcuate arteries

D) Portal venous collaterals

A pregnant patient develops hypertension from preeclampsia. Which event usually causes the hypertension to subside?

A) Delivery of the baby

B) Increased salt intake

C) Renal artery stenting

D) Sympathetic activation

Which placental mechanism is believed to contribute to preeclampsia?

A) Excess placental perfusion

B) Placental renin destruction

C) Placental ischemia; toxic factors

D) Fetal aldosterone deficiency

Endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia decreases release of which vasodilator?

A) Endothelin

B) Angiotensin II

C) Aldosterone

D) Nitric oxide

In preeclampsia, glomerular membrane thickening directly causes which renal effect?

A) Increased renal blood flow

B) Increased sodium excretion

C) Reduced glomerular filtration

D) Increased ureteral pressure

Acute neurogenic hypertension can occur after strong stimulation of which system?

A) Parasympathetic nervous system

B) Renin-angiotensin system

C) Sympathetic nervous system

D) Lymphatic nervous system

A patient develops acute hypertension after bilateral destruction of the tractus solitarius. Which reflex pathway has been interrupted?

A) Baroreceptor afferent pathway

B) Micturition reflex pathway

C) Ureterorenal pain reflex

D) Macula densa signaling

Cutting the nerves leading from baroreceptors can cause which blood pressure abnormality?

A) Chronic salt wasting

B) Acute neurogenic hypertension

C) Primary aldosteronism

D) Two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension

The tractus solitarius relevant to acute neurogenic hypertension is located in which region?

A) Cerebral cortex

B) Lumbar spinal cord

C) Renal medulla

D) Medulla oblongata

Obesity often causes chronic hypertension partly by activating which renal neural pathway?

A) Renal sympathetic nerves

B) Renal parasympathetic nerves

C) Pudendal motor nerves

D) Pelvic sensory nerves

In obesity-related hypertension, increased renal sympathetic activity impairs which renal pressure-control mechanism?

A) Glomerular protein filtration

B) Renal pressure natriuresis

C) Bladder emptying reflex

D) Ureteral peristalsis

Across monogenic hypertensive disorders, what final common pathway appears to raise blood pressure?

A) Increased salt reabsorption

B) Increased renal salt excretion

C) Reduced extracellular fluid volume

D) Reduced vascular resistance

Monogenic hypertension ultimately expands which fluid compartment?

A) Intracellular fluid volume

B) Cerebrospinal fluid volume

C) Plasma-free water only

D) Extracellular fluid volume

In obese patients with primary hypertension, cardiac output is increased partly because extra adipose tissue requires what?

A) Less vascular resistance

B) More blood flow

C) Less renal perfusion

D) More baroreceptor firing

In overweight patients, sympathetic nerve activity is especially increased in which organ system?

A) Liver

B) Lungs

C) Kidneys

D) Spleen

Many obese patients have twofold to threefold increases in which pressure-raising hormones?

A) ANP and nitric oxide

B) EPO and calcitriol

C) Bradykinin and prostaglandins

D) Angiotensin II and aldosterone

In obesity-related hypertension, why must arterial pressure rise for adequate salt-water excretion?

A) Kidneys fail to excrete adequately

B) Cardiac output becomes too low

C) Adipose tissue absorbs sodium

D) Baroreceptors increase natriuresis

Salt-sensitive hypertension can occur in chronic renal disease because of which structural loss?

A) Nephron loss

B) Podocyte hypertrophy

C) Ureteral dilation

D) Bladder denervation

Normal aging can predispose to salt-sensitive hypertension primarily through which renal change?

A) Increased nephron regeneration

B) Increased renal protein synthesis

C) Gradual nephron loss

D) Reduced aortic resistance

What is the first step in treating primary hypertension?

A) Immediate renal surgery

B) High-sodium diet trial

C) Chronic dialysis

D) Lifestyle modification

Which two broad drug classes are used to treat hypertension?

A) Vasodilators and diuretics

B) Antibiotics and antivirals

C) Anticoagulants and antiplatelets

D) Bronchodilators and mucolytics

Natriuretic/diuretic drugs treat hypertension primarily by promoting loss of which substances?

A) Protein and glucose

B) Calcium and phosphate

C) Salt and water

D) RBCs and albumin

Vasodilator drugs treat hypertension primarily by producing which vascular effect?

A) Increased vascular resistance

B) Reduced vascular resistance

C) Increased renal artery stenosis

D) Reduced pressure natriuresis

A pregnant patient’s hypertension is linked to placental ischemia, endothelial dysfunction, reduced glomerular filtration, and impaired natriuresis. Which diagnosis is most likely?

A) Primary aldosteronism

B) Preeclampsia

C) Coarctation of the aorta

D) Essential hypertension

A drug lowers blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II or aldosterone-related effects. Which vasodilator mechanism is being used?

A) Direct renal tubular secretion

B) RAAS blockade

C) Chemoreceptor activation

D) CNS ischemic stimulation

Which set correctly lists mechanisms that respond to pressure changes over minutes?

A) Baroreceptors; chemoreceptors; CNS ischemia

B) RAAS; stress relaxation; capillary fluid shift

C) ADH; thirst; volume loading

D) Natriuresis; diuresis; salt sensitivity

A patient’s arterial pressure changes, and vascular smooth muscle gradually adjusts vessel diameter over minutes. Which mechanism is this?

A) Stress relaxation

B) Baroreceptor firing

C) Chemoreceptor activation

D) Cerebral infarction

A minutes-scale pressure control mechanism shifts fluid across tissue capillary walls. What is the purpose of this shift?

A) Move fluid into or out of circulation

B) Destroy renal juxtaglomerular cells

C) Prevent all venous return

D) Increase plasma protein filtration

Which statement best describes the purpose of pressure diuresis and pressure natriuresis?

A) Retain fluid during hypertension

B) Eliminate excess volume during hypertension

C) Increase vascular capacitance during shock

D) Raise renin during salt loading

At arterial pressures above the renal-body fluid equilibrium point, which relationship between renal output and intake is expected?

A) Output equals intake

B) Output is less than intake

C) Output exceeds intake

D) Intake becomes zero

At arterial pressures below the renal-body fluid equilibrium point, which relationship is expected?

A) Salt-water output exceeds intake

B) Salt-water output equals intake

C) Salt-water intake falls to zero

D) Salt-water intake exceeds output

Which equation explains why an acute increase in total peripheral resistance raises arterial pressure?

A) AP = GFR/RPF

B) AP = CO × TPR

C) AP = RBF/RVR

D) AP = ECF/NaCl

In tissue autoregulation, excess local blood flow produces which vascular response?

A) Local vasodilation

B) Local vasoconstriction

C) Venous thrombosis

D) Capillary rupture

Autoregulation after increased cardiac output raises arterial pressure mainly by increasing which variable?

A) Total peripheral resistance

B) Plasma albumin concentration

C) Bowman capsule pressure

D) Urinary glucose excretion

A patient consumes excess NaCl and then drinks more water. What happens to extracellular fluid volume?

A) It decreases

B) It remains fixed

C) It increases

D) It becomes intracellular only

Excess NaCl accumulation increases ECF volume partly by stimulating which pituitary-mediated response?

A) Increased ADH release

B) Decreased ADH release

C) Increased renin release

D) Decreased aldosterone release

Which paired responses to excess extracellular NaCl increase extracellular fluid volume?

A) Thirst and ADH release

B) Natriuresis and diuresis

C) Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

D) Albuminuria and protein washdown

Accumulation of which ion is the main determinant of extracellular fluid volume

A) Potassium

B) Calcium

C) Sodium

D) Magnesium

A patient has hypertension caused by excess extracellular fluid accumulation. Which type of hypertension is this?

A) Neurogenic hypertension

B) Volume-loading hypertension

C) Coarctation hypertension

D) Essential-only hypertension

In primary volume-loading hypertension, what occurs during stage 1?

A) Cardiac output increases

B) Total peripheral resistance decreases

C) Cardiac output decreases

D) Blood volume decreases

In primary volume-loading hypertension, what occurs during stage 2?

A) Cardiac output becomes zero

B) Total peripheral resistance increases

C) Blood volume disappears

D) ADH becomes absent

Volume-loading hypertension can be caused by excess secretion of which hormone?

A) Erythropoietin

B) Calcitriol

C) Aldosterone

D) Angiotensinase

Excess aldosterone promotes volume-loading hypertension primarily by increasing retention of which substances?

A) Salt and water

B) Protein and glucose

C) Calcium and phosphate

D) Urea and creatinine

Renin is best described as what type of molecule released by the kidneys when arterial pressure falls too low?

A) Steroid hormone

B) Protein enzyme

C) Plasma dye

D) Structural protein

Juxtaglomerular cells are located mainly where?

A) Afferent arteriole walls proximal to glomeruli

B) Collecting duct walls near papillae

C) Vasa recta walls in medulla

D) Ureter walls near trigone

Juxtaglomerular cells are modified versions of which cell type?

A) Skeletal muscle cells

B) Smooth muscle cells

C) Podocyte epithelial cells

D) Red blood cells

When arterial pressure decreases, what happens to prorenin in juxtaglomerular cells?

A) It splits to release renin

B) It converts to aldosterone

C) It becomes angiotensinase

D) It exits through urine

Released renin enters renal blood and then does what?

A) Remains only in Bowman capsule

B) Circulates throughout the body

C) Enters only the ureter

D) Becomes trapped in podocytes

Angiotensinogen is also known by which term?

A) Renin substrate

B) ACE product

C) Aldosterone precursor

D) Angiotensinase substrate

Which statement best describes angiotensin I?

A) Mild vasoconstrictor converted by ACE

B) Powerful vasodilator degraded by renin

C) Steroid hormone from adrenal cortex

D) Enzyme stored in JG cells

Angiotensin II raises total peripheral resistance mainly by acting on which vessels?

A) Arterioles

B) Veins

C) Lymphatics

D) Ureters

Angiotensin II raises venous return primarily through which effect?

A) Venous vasoconstriction

B) Venous vasodilation

C) Venous valve destruction

D) Venous protein leakage

Angiotensin II increases extracellular fluid volume by causing which renal effect

A) Increased salt-water excretion

B) Decreased salt-water excretion

C) Increased protein filtration

D) Decreased sodium reabsorption

A patient with hyperaldosteronism has increased sodium retention and hypokalemia. Which adrenal layer and renal target best match aldosterone action?

A) Zona fasciculata; proximal tubule

B) Zona glomerulosa; principal cells

C) Zona reticularis; intercalated cells

D) Adrenal medulla; collecting ducts

Angiotensin II promotes renal sodium and water retention through which combination of effects?

A) Dilates arterioles; increases urine output

B) Blocks aldosterone; inhibits tubules

C) Constricts arterioles; stimulates tubules

D) Relaxes vessels; increases natriuresis

A patient eats a high-salt diet. What is the expected effect on renin release?

A) Renin rises markedly

B) Renin decreases

C) Renin becomes angiotensinogen

D) Renin release is unchanged

Renin release increases most strongly under which condition?

A) High salt intake

B) High blood pressure

C) High extracellular volume

D) Low salt intake

In one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, what causes the first rise in arterial pressure?

A) Normal renal perfusion pressure

B) Excess pressure natriuresis

C) Renin-Ang II-aldosterone activation

D) Complete aldosterone suppression

In one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, poor flow through a constricted renal artery initially causes which response?

A) Reduced renin and natriuresis

B) Increased renin and aldosterone

C) Increased GFR and diuresis

D) Reduced angiotensin II formation

In one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, what sustains the second rise in arterial pressure?

A) Loss of all renal perfusion

B) Reduced sympathetic activity

C) Excess nitric oxide release

D) Salt-water retention raising pressure

Why must aortic pressure rise in one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension?

A) To suppress all aldosterone

B) To eliminate kidney blood flow

C) To normalize distal renal pressure

D) To increase ureteral pressure

In two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, the ischemic kidney releases renin that causes which mediators to affect the opposite kidney?

A) NO and prostaglandins

B) EPO and calcitriol

C) Angiotensin II and aldosterone

D) ADH and oxytocin

An older patient develops renal hypertension from scattered ischemic renal tissue that secretes renin. Which cause is most likely?

A) Patchy ischemic kidney disease

B) Coarctation of the aorta

C) Acute neurogenic hypertension

D) Primary aldosteronism

In coarctation of the aorta, why can blood flow in arms and legs remain approximately normal long term?

A) Renin stops completely

B) Local autoregulation compensates

C) ADH blocks vascular resistance

D) Baroreceptors regenerate arteries

In preeclampsia, endothelial dysfunction decreases nitric oxide release. Which renal-pressure consequence follows?

A) Improved natriuresis

B) Impaired pressure natriuresis

C) Increased GFR only

D) Complete salt wasting

Where do carotid and aortic baroreceptor nerves connect in the brainstem?

A) Pons

B) Hypothalamus

C) Tractus solitarius

D) Cerebellar cortex

Loss of normal baroreceptor signals causes the vasomotor center to do what?

A) Become less active

B) Stop sympathetic output

C) Release renin directly

D) Become more active

Obesity-related sympathetic activation impairs which renal pressure mechanism

A) Glomerular protein restriction

B) Ureterorenal reflex

C) Pressure natriuresis

D) Micturition reflex

Which mechanism can cause monogenic hypertension by directly altering renal tubular epithelial cells?

A) Reduced adipose blood flow

B) Increased nitric oxide release

C) Increased Na or Cl transport

D) Decreased aldosterone synthesis

Some monogenic hypertension syndromes increase synthesis or activity of hormones that stimulate what?

A) Renal tubular salt-water reabsorption

B) Renal tubular salt-water excretion

C) Pulmonary vascular relaxation

D) Cerebral baroreceptor firing

Which set correctly lists obesity-related causes of primary hypertension?

A) Lower CO; lower SNS; natriuresis

B) Higher CO; higher SNS; impaired natriuresis

C) Lower RAAS; lower adipose flow; diuresis

D) Lower leptin; lower Ang II; salt wasting

In obesity-associated primary hypertension, why is cardiac output increased?

A) Extra fat requires blood flow

B) Baroreceptors stop firing

C) Aldosterone is completely absent

D) Kidneys excrete more sodium

In obesity, increased leptin release is linked to which hypertension-promoting effect?

A) Reduced sympathetic activity

B) Increased sympathetic activity

C) Increased pressure natriuresis

D) Reduced cardiac output

With high salt intake, which essential hypertension subtype can operate at higher arterial pressures?

A) Salt-insensitive essential hypertension

B) Salt-sensitive essential hypertension

C) Acute neurogenic hypertension

D) One-kidney Goldblatt hypertension

During severe bleeding, which pressure control responses are classified as nervous reflex responses?

A) Baroreceptors, CNS, chemoreceptors

B) Aldosterone, ADH, thirst

C) RAAS, stress relaxation, fluid shift

D) Diuresis, natriuresis, autoregulation

Which long-term mechanism helps restore arterial pressure and blood volume over days to years after severe bleeding?

A) Baroreceptor firing

B) Chemoreceptor activation

C) CNS ischemic response

D) Aldosterone