phagocytosis
eating away @ microorganisms.
antigen
fights off specific antigens
autoimmune disease
where the body is attacking itself
bone marrow
immune cells are produced
thymus gland
where T cells mature
Lymph nodes/ vessels
filter lymph and house lymphocytes
what is the purpose of vasodilation ?
healing
neonates are susceptible to infection because?
they have an immature immune system
the first response in the body's defense against the injury is:
infection
adaptive immune system response includes 2 major pathways
- humoral immunity- B cells produce antibodies
- cell mediated immunity- T cells destroy infected cells
immunoglobins (antibodies)
given due to not having these or a decrease of them in the body
cell medicated response
secondary response which involves T cell lymphocytes
-clone itself and go to where it is needed in the body
why are vaccines given?
to allow your body to build up to immunity to that specific one (ex:flu)
active immunity
- natural
- infection recovery
- artificial
- vaccination
passive immunity
- natural
- maternal antibodies
- artificial
- immune globin injection
lymph node biopsy
tissue obtained by needle aspiration, excision, or needle punch
histamine
released from mast cells/basophils;vasodilation;permability
kinins
inflammatory mediators causing vasodilation and pain
prostaglandins
group of lipids derived from mast cells and basophils
leukotreines
a group of lipids derived from mast cells and basophils. causes contraction of bronchial smooth
cytokines
signaling proteins regulating immune respons
what are the three areas swollen glands occur?
axilla, groin, and neck
first line of defense (innate immunity)
- skins
- tears
- earwax
- mucous membranes
- urinary tract defenses
when is the thymus gland the largest?
during childhood and adolescence
-after adolescence it begins to shrink in size, and its production of T lymphocytes decreases
what does aging do to the skin?
causes skin to become thin, less elastic, and more prone to injury; skin is the first barrier encountered by pathogens
what can the presence of chronic disease do to the immune?
decreases the immune response
what two systems work together to defend against internal and external threats ?
immune and lymphatic systems
inflammation response
- inflammation causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
- this produces redness, warmth, swelling and pain
- remove downstream vasoconstriction line
adaptive immune résonne includes two major pathways
humoral immunity- B cells produce antibodies
cell mediated immunity- T cells destroy infected cells
IgG
crosses placenta (provides fetal immunity)
- most abundant; crosses placenta
IgM
first antibody produced in infection
IgA
found in mucous membranes and breast milk
IgE
allergic reactions and parasitic defense
ind
B cell receptor
cell medicated response
Secondary
secondary response which involves T cell lymphocytes
- involves whole cells called sensitized lymphocytes and occurs in the tissues
- they have been sensitized to a specific antigen after first contact with It
maintaining a healthy immune system
- eating right and getting enough rest and exercise
- frequently skipping meals, eating unhealthy meals, sleeping too little, or not exercising weakens the immune system and makes people more susceptible to pathogens
immunizations
a proven way to decrease illness for individuals and the spread of disease in communities
skin testing
one of the most used techniques to measure immunity and identify people who may have a dormant infectious disease
tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test)
identify those who might need treatment for TB
Allergy skin testing
scratch, intradermal and patch
skin testing
several types of skin testing may also be done to identify allergens
- a scratch test (also called prick test or puncture test)
- intradermal injection of allergens
- patches containing allergens
- inflammation and itching identify those allergens that provoke the immune system
laboratory tests
lab tests on blood and serum give important information regarding the status of the immune system
imaging studies
computed tomography (CT) , magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) can all be utilized to evaluate the thymus gland and other tissue structures of the immune system
planning
- protect from infection
- improve health status
- maintain high degree of wellness to promote optimal immune function
implementation
meticulous adherence to standard precautions including appropriate hand hygiene
-implementation of protective isolation promotion of balanced, adequate nutrition
evaluation
- determine whether expected outcomes are being met
- gather follow up data
- evaluate effectiveness of nursing and medical interventions
a rise in body temp signals a normal immune response to infection
(t/f)
true
why do you want to avoid aggressive cooling?
it causes shivering, which increases temperature and oxygen demand
immunosepression
patients can become immunosuppressed from the disease process or medical treatment
-strict infection control and neutropenic precautions must be followed
nutrition and immunosuppression
neutropenic precations
- avoid sick contact
- strict hand hygiene
- avoid raw foods if severely immunocompromised
- avoid fresh flowers