musculoskeletal system
body system responsible for movement , support and protection
bones
rigid structure that form Skelton
joints
locations where two bones meet and allow movement
muscles
tissues that connect to create movement
cartilage
flexible tissue that cushion joints
bone
dense connective tissue forming the skeleton
bone marrow
soft tissue inside bones that produce blood cells
long bones
longer than they are wide (ex femur)
short bones
cube shaped bones (ex wrist)
flat bones
thin protective bones (ex ribs, skull)
irregular bones
complex shapes (ex vertebrae)
joint (articulation)
point where two bones connect
ball and socket joint
allows movement in many directions (hip, shoulder)
hinge joint
allows bending and straightening (Knee , elbow)
pivot joint
allows rotation
muscle
tissue that contracts to create movement
skeletal muscle
voluntary muscle attached to bones
muscle contratcion
shortening of muscle fibers to move a bone
cartilage
Smoot flexible connective tissue covering bone ends
cartilage actions
- reduces friction between bones during movement
- acts as a shock absorber in joints
- damage to cartilage contributes to arthritis
bone density
amount of mineral content in bone decrease with age
sarcopenia
age related loss of muscle mass and strength
functional mobility
ability to perform daily movement tasks such as walking or standing
muscle atrophy
wasting or decrease in muscle size from lack of use
contracture
permeant tightening of muscles or joints
venous thrombosis
blood clot that forms in a vein
neuromuscular assent
evaluation of circulation and nerve function in a extremity such as fractures, cast or orthopedic surgery
the 5 P's
- pain
- pallor
- pulselessness
- parenthesia
- paralysis
parathesia
numbness or tingling sensation
paralysis
inability to move the affected limb
fracture
break in continuity of a bone
reduction
process of realigning a fractured bone
closed reduction
realignment without surgery
open reduction
with surgery realignment
fixation
stabilization of bone with devices such as plates, screw, or rods
traction
use of weights and pulleys to align bones and reduce muscle spams
skin traction
applied to skin using straps
skeletal traction
applied directly to bone using pins
compartment syndrome
increase pressure within muscle compartments reducing blood flow
fat embolism
fat globules enter blodostream after long bone fracture
osteomyelitis
infection of bone tissue
venous thrombosis
clot formation due to immobility
nursing intervention for fall prevention
- safe environment
- assistive devices
- mobility support
how often do you do ROM exercises ?
3-4 times/day
contractures begin when?
within 3 days
goniometry
measures range of motion
bone remodeling
osteoblast actiivty
sprain
ligament injury
strain
muscle/tendon injury
dislocation
- complete joint displacement
- severe pain, deformity
- risk: nerve and vessel injury
neuromuscular assessment 6 p's
- pain
- pallor
- pulselessness
- parasthesia
- paralysis
- poikilothermia
cast report immediately
- increased pain
- numbness/tingling
- pale/cool skin
- odor or drainage
assistive devices
- cane height= wrist level
- crutches= elbow flexed 30 degrees & weight on hand grips
- four-pint gait= most stable
traction
- weights must hand freely
- maintain alignment
- trapeze bar= helps patient move in bed
- risk: immobility complications
EMG
no caffeine or smoking
MRI
remove all metal& stay still
dexa scan
diagnosis osteoporosis
arthroscopy
monitor pulses
fracture emergency care
- ABC'S
- control bleeding
- immobilize
- neuromuscular checks
fat embolism
- long bone fracture complication
- respiratory distress
- confusion
- petechial rash- small dotted rashes
EMERGnacy for venous thromoembolism
- risk: immobility
- leg swelling
- pain
- SOB(EMERGANCY)
osteomyelitis
- bone infection
- fever
- pain
- swelling
gout
- uric acid buildup
- severe joint pain
- teaching: hydration and diet (no red meats / alcohol)
arthritis
- osteoarthritis: wear and tear
rheumatoid
autoimmune symmetrical
joint replacement
- early mobility
- pain control
- prevent DVT
- hip precautions:z no crossing legs, bending <90 degrees
amputation
- priority: bleeding and shock
- prevent contractures
- phantom limb pain
report NOW
- numbness= not normal
- pale/cold limb
- coruscation problems= emergency
- severe pain
- SOB
- fever/drainage
priority rule
- CIRULATION
- PAIN
- THAN EVERYHTHING ELSE