Cervical
C1-C5
skin and muscles of head, neck, and arrowroot part of shoulder and chest
diaphragm
Brachial
C5-C8 & T1
shoulders
upper limbs
lumbar
L1-L4
anterolateral abdominal wall
external gentials
part of lower limbs
sacral
L4-L5 & S1-S4
buttocks
perineum
lower limbs
Coccygeal
S4-S5
area of skin in coccygeal region
Cranial nerve I
Olafactory
sense of smell
cranial nerve II
optic
sense of sight
cranial nerve III
oculomotor
movement of eye, iris, eyelid
cranial nerve IV(4)
Trochlear
movement of eyeball
superior oblique muscles
cranial nerve V(5)
trigeminal
ophthalmic
maxillary
Mandible
Cranial nerve VI (6)
abducens
movement of eyeball
lateral rectus muscle
Cranial nerve VII (7)
facial
movement of facial muscles
secretion of tears
taste in anterior two-thirds of tongue
Cranial nerve VIII (8)
vestibulocohlear
sense of hearing
sense of equilibrium
Cranial nerve IX (9)
glossopharyngeal
secretion of saliva
taste in posterior one-third of tongue
Cranial nerve X (10)
vagus
sensation and movement of GI tract
cardiovascular system
Cranial nerve XI (11)
Accessory
swallowing and movement of head
Cranial nerve XII (12)
Hypoglossal
movement of change
The spinal cord is located
in vetebral cavity
The spinal cord is protected by
vertebral bones
vertebral ligaments
CSF( spinal fluid)
meninges
The “tough mother” and is the superficial meninx and composed of fibrous connective tissue and is the epidural space
dura mater
Spider like and is the middle meninx and composed of web arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers and is very thin and delicate
arachnoid mater
The “delicate mother” and is this innermost meninx
Pia mater
Neuroglia
supports neurons
Removal of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space is called a spinal tap or
lumbar puncture( L3 and L5)
Childbirth is in what space
L4-L5
The cervical enlargement extends from
4th cervical to the 1st thoracic vertebrae and comprises nerves that control upper extremities
The lumbar enlargement extends from
9th to 12th thoracic vertebrae and comprises nerves that control lower extremities
The “horse-tail” and is tail-like collection of nerves at the distal end of the spinal canal
cauda equine
The spinal cord consist of an outer portion of ___ (myelinated axons) and an inner portion of ___(umyelinated axons)
white mater, gray mater
The tracts that conduct sensory information rituals the brain and are also called sensory tracts
Ascending(afferent)
The tracts that conduct motor impulses away from the brain and are also known as motor tracts
descending(efferent)
General characteristics of spinal nerves
Pairs of nerves are connected to the spinal cord by nerve roots
dorsal(posterior)root
ventral(anterior)root
all spinal nerves are mixed
Covering of spinal nerves
epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium
How many cervical nerves
8 pairs
How many thoracic nerves
12 pairs
How many lumbar nerves
5 pairs
How many sacral nerves
5 pairs
How many coccygeal nerves
1 pair
Nerves that arise from C3-C5 and innervate the diaphragm and injury to the phrenic nerves causes respiratory arrest
phrenic nerves
What nerves DO NOT form plexuses
spinal nerves
The largest nerve in the body is
femoral nerve
A reflex is a quick ___ response to stimuli
involuntary
The shortest route that can be taken by an implode from a receptor to an effector (e.g. muscles & glands)
reflex arc
The ___ receptor is a dendrite that senses a change in the internal or external environment
sensory
The ____ center is the gray mater within the CNS where the information is processed
integrating
The __ neurons transmit an impulse to an effector organ for a response
motor
The ___ is a muscle or organ of the body that responds to the motor nerve impulse
effector
A reflex pathway with only ONE synapse in the CNS and the reflex occurs as a result of activation of single sensory neuron forming one synapse in the CNS with a single motor neuron
monosynaptic reflex arc
All monosynaptic reflexes are what
ipsilateral (same side of body)
A reflex that involves more than 2 types of neurons and more than one CNS synpase
polysynaptic
The ___ is also known as the withdrawal reflex
flexor reflex
The spinal cord runs the entire length of the vertebral column
True or false
False
This division of a spinal nerve reenters the vertebral cavity through the intervertebral foramen and serves the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges.
Meningeal branch
This type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
Direct pathway
Both the gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus are ________ tracts found in the ______ white column of the spinal cord.
ascending; posterior
The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerve is called
a dermatome
This type of descending motor pathway originates in the brainstem and governs automatic movements that help regulate muscle tone, posture and balance.
Indirect pathway
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the
posterior root ganglion
What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the
spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration
2 only
Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of
pia mater.
What is the largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus?
Femoral
An ipsilateral, intersegmental, spinal somatic reflex will most likely control
many flexor and extensor muscles on the same side of the body as the sensor.
The thoracic nerves are also called the
intercostals nerves
What spinal cord feature is the area where the nerves that supply the lower limb emerge?
Lumbar enlargement
This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.
Posterior ramus
Spinal nerves
1. Are parts of PNS.
2. connect the CNS to
sensors and effectors in all parts of the body.
3. are named
according to the region of the cord from which they emerge.
1, 2 & 3
A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord?
2
A severed obturator nerve will lead into paralysis of which region of the body?
Thigh
A man presents with median nerve palsy in his left hand. What is the most likely site of injury?
Median nerve
Another term for the summing of EPSPs and IPSPs in the gray matter of spinal cord is
integration
Injury of which nerve causes footdrop?
Common fibular
A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to get into the spinal column?
Posterior root of spinal nerve
A reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS is called a
A)visceral reflex arc.
B)polysynaptic reflex arc.
C)somatic reflex arc.
D)none of these choices
E)autonomic reflex arc.
None of these choices
Intercostal nerves
do not enter into a plexus and directly connect to the structures they supply.
During childbirth, anesthesia is administered into the epidural space
of the spinal column between which of the following vertebrae?
1.
L4 and L5
2. T3 and T4
3. S4 and S5
4. C3 and C4
1 only
In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a
somatic spinal reflex that causes
1. contraction of the agonist
muscle.
2. relaxation of the antagonist muscle.
3.
contraction of the antagonist muscle.
4. relaxation of the
agonist muscle.
1 and 2
A somatic spinal reflex that involves one effector muscle being stimulated while the opposing muscle is inhibited is called _______ innervation.
Reciprocal
These white matter tracts of the spinal cord carry sensory information.
Ascending tracts
What types of axons are wrapped in a protective endoneurium?
1.
Myelinated
2. Unmyelinated
3. Only dendrites are surrounded
by endoneurium
Both 1 and 2
In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, a tendon organ
initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes
1. contraction of
the agonist muscle.
2. relaxation of the antagonist
muscle.
3. contraction of the antagonist muscle.
4.
relaxation of the agonist muscle.
3 and 4
A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to get into the spinal column?
Posterior root of spinal nerve
A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord?
2
This type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
Direct pathway