front 1 Cervical | back 1 C1-C5 skin and muscles of head, neck, and arrowroot part of shoulder and chest diaphragm |
front 2 Brachial | back 2 C5-C8 & T1 shoulders upper limbs |
front 3 lumbar | back 3 L1-L4 anterolateral abdominal wall external gentials part of lower limbs |
front 4 sacral | back 4 L4-L5 & S1-S4 buttocks perineum lower limbs |
front 5 Coccygeal | back 5 S4-S5 area of skin in coccygeal region |
front 6 Cranial nerve I | back 6 Olafactory sense of smell |
front 7 cranial nerve II | back 7 optic sense of sight |
front 8 cranial nerve III | back 8 oculomotor movement of eye, iris, eyelid |
front 9 cranial nerve IV(4) | back 9 Trochlear movement of eyeball superior oblique muscles |
front 10 cranial nerve V(5) | back 10 trigeminal ophthalmic maxillary Mandible |
front 11 Cranial nerve VI (6) | back 11 abducens movement of eyeball lateral rectus muscle |
front 12 Cranial nerve VII (7) | back 12 facial movement of facial muscles secretion of tears taste in anterior two-thirds of tongue |
front 13 Cranial nerve VIII (8) | back 13 vestibulocohlear sense of hearing sense of equilibrium |
front 14 Cranial nerve IX (9) | back 14 glossopharyngeal secretion of saliva taste in posterior one-third of tongue |
front 15 Cranial nerve X (10) | back 15 vagus sensation and movement of GI tract cardiovascular system |
front 16 Cranial nerve XI (11) | back 16 Accessory swallowing and movement of head |
front 17 Cranial nerve XII (12) | back 17 Hypoglossal movement of change |
front 18 The spinal cord is located | back 18 in vetebral cavity |
front 19 The spinal cord is protected by | back 19 vertebral bones vertebral ligaments CSF( spinal fluid) meninges |
front 20 The “tough mother” and is the superficial meninx and composed of fibrous connective tissue and is the epidural space | back 20 dura mater |
front 21 Spider like and is the middle meninx and composed of web arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers and is very thin and delicate | back 21 arachnoid mater |
front 22 The “delicate mother” and is this innermost meninx | back 22 Pia mater |
front 23 Neuroglia | back 23 supports neurons |
front 24 Removal of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space is called a spinal tap or | back 24 lumbar puncture( L3 and L5) |
front 25 Childbirth is in what space | back 25 L4-L5 |
front 26 The cervical enlargement extends from | back 26 4th cervical to the 1st thoracic vertebrae and comprises nerves that control upper extremities |
front 27 The lumbar enlargement extends from | back 27 9th to 12th thoracic vertebrae and comprises nerves that control lower extremities |
front 28 The “horse-tail” and is tail-like collection of nerves at the distal end of the spinal canal | back 28 cauda equine |
front 29 The spinal cord consist of an outer portion of ___ (myelinated axons) and an inner portion of ___(umyelinated axons) | back 29 white mater, gray mater |
front 30 The tracts that conduct sensory information rituals the brain and are also called sensory tracts | back 30 Ascending(afferent) |
front 31 The tracts that conduct motor impulses away from the brain and are also known as motor tracts | back 31 descending(efferent) |
front 32 General characteristics of spinal nerves | back 32 Pairs of nerves are connected to the spinal cord by nerve roots dorsal(posterior)root ventral(anterior)root all spinal nerves are mixed |
front 33 Covering of spinal nerves | back 33 epineurium perineurium endoneurium |
front 34 How many cervical nerves | back 34 8 pairs |
front 35 How many thoracic nerves | back 35 12 pairs |
front 36 How many lumbar nerves | back 36 5 pairs |
front 37 How many sacral nerves | back 37 5 pairs |
front 38 How many coccygeal nerves | back 38 1 pair |
front 39 Nerves that arise from C3-C5 and innervate the diaphragm and injury to the phrenic nerves causes respiratory arrest | back 39 phrenic nerves |
front 40 What nerves DO NOT form plexuses | back 40 spinal nerves |
front 41 The largest nerve in the body is | back 41 femoral nerve |
front 42 A reflex is a quick ___ response to stimuli | back 42 involuntary |
front 43 The shortest route that can be taken by an implode from a receptor to an effector (e.g. muscles & glands) | back 43 reflex arc |
front 44 The ___ receptor is a dendrite that senses a change in the internal or external environment | back 44 sensory |
front 45 The ____ center is the gray mater within the CNS where the information is processed | back 45 integrating |
front 46 The __ neurons transmit an impulse to an effector organ for a response | back 46 motor |
front 47 The ___ is a muscle or organ of the body that responds to the motor nerve impulse | back 47 effector |
front 48 A reflex pathway with only ONE synapse in the CNS and the reflex occurs as a result of activation of single sensory neuron forming one synapse in the CNS with a single motor neuron | back 48 monosynaptic reflex arc |
front 49 All monosynaptic reflexes are what | back 49 ipsilateral (same side of body) |
front 50 A reflex that involves more than 2 types of neurons and more than one CNS synpase | back 50 polysynaptic |
front 51 The ___ is also known as the withdrawal reflex | back 51 flexor reflex |
front 52 The spinal cord runs the entire length of the vertebral column True or false | back 52 False |
front 53 This division of a spinal nerve reenters the vertebral cavity through the intervertebral foramen and serves the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges. | back 53 Meningeal branch |
front 54 This type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. | back 54 Direct pathway |
front 55 Both the gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus are ________ tracts found in the ______ white column of the spinal cord. | back 55 ascending; posterior |
front 56 The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerve is called | back 56 a dermatome |
front 57 This type of descending motor pathway originates in the brainstem and governs automatic movements that help regulate muscle tone, posture and balance. | back 57 Indirect pathway |
front 58 The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the | back 58 posterior root ganglion |
front 59 What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the
spinal cord? | back 59 2 only |
front 60 Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of | back 60 pia mater. |
front 61 What is the largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus? | back 61 Femoral |
front 62 An ipsilateral, intersegmental, spinal somatic reflex will most likely control | back 62 many flexor and extensor muscles on the same side of the body as the sensor. |
front 63 The thoracic nerves are also called the | back 63 intercostals nerves |
front 64 What spinal cord feature is the area where the nerves that supply the lower limb emerge? | back 64 Lumbar enlargement |
front 65 This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk. | back 65 Posterior ramus |
front 66 Spinal nerves | back 66 1, 2 & 3 |
front 67 A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord? | back 67 2 |
front 68 A severed obturator nerve will lead into paralysis of which region of the body? | back 68 Thigh |
front 69 A man presents with median nerve palsy in his left hand. What is the most likely site of injury? | back 69 Median nerve |
front 70 Another term for the summing of EPSPs and IPSPs in the gray matter of spinal cord is | back 70 integration |
front 71 Injury of which nerve causes footdrop? | back 71 Common fibular |
front 72 A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to get into the spinal column? | back 72 Posterior root of spinal nerve |
front 73 A reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS is called a A)visceral reflex arc. B)polysynaptic reflex arc. C)somatic reflex arc. D)none of these choices E)autonomic reflex arc. | back 73 None of these choices |
front 74 Intercostal nerves | back 74 do not enter into a plexus and directly connect to the structures they supply. |
front 75 During childbirth, anesthesia is administered into the epidural space
of the spinal column between which of the following vertebrae? | back 75 1 only |
front 76 In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a
somatic spinal reflex that causes | back 76 1 and 2 |
front 77 A somatic spinal reflex that involves one effector muscle being stimulated while the opposing muscle is inhibited is called _______ innervation. | back 77 Reciprocal |
front 78 These white matter tracts of the spinal cord carry sensory information. | back 78 Ascending tracts |
front 79 What types of axons are wrapped in a protective endoneurium? | back 79 Both 1 and 2 |
front 80 In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, a tendon organ
initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes | back 80 3 and 4 |
front 81 A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to get into the spinal column? | back 81 Posterior root of spinal nerve |
front 82 A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord? | back 82 2 |
front 83 This type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. | back 83 Direct pathway |