Cervical

C1-C5

skin and muscles of head, neck, and arrowroot part of shoulder and chest

diaphragm

Brachial

C5-C8 & T1

shoulders

upper limbs

lumbar

L1-L4

anterolateral abdominal wall

external gentials

part of lower limbs

sacral

L4-L5 & S1-S4

buttocks

perineum

lower limbs

Coccygeal

S4-S5

area of skin in coccygeal region

Cranial nerve I

Olafactory

sense of smell

cranial nerve II

optic

sense of sight

cranial nerve III

oculomotor

movement of eye, iris, eyelid

cranial nerve IV(4)

Trochlear

movement of eyeball

superior oblique muscles

cranial nerve V(5)

trigeminal

ophthalmic

maxillary

Mandible

Cranial nerve VI (6)

abducens

movement of eyeball

lateral rectus muscle

Cranial nerve VII (7)

facial

movement of facial muscles

secretion of tears

taste in anterior two-thirds of tongue

Cranial nerve VIII (8)

vestibulocohlear

sense of hearing

sense of equilibrium

Cranial nerve IX (9)

glossopharyngeal

secretion of saliva

taste in posterior one-third of tongue

Cranial nerve X (10)

vagus

sensation and movement of GI tract

cardiovascular system

Cranial nerve XI (11)

Accessory

swallowing and movement of head

Cranial nerve XII (12)

Hypoglossal

movement of change

The spinal cord is located

in vetebral cavity

The spinal cord is protected by

vertebral bones

vertebral ligaments

CSF( spinal fluid)

meninges

The “tough mother” and is the superficial meninx and composed of fibrous connective tissue and is the epidural space

dura mater

Spider like and is the middle meninx and composed of web arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers and is very thin and delicate

arachnoid mater

The “delicate mother” and is this innermost meninx

Pia mater

Neuroglia

supports neurons

Removal of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space is called a spinal tap or

lumbar puncture( L3 and L5)

Childbirth is in what space

L4-L5

The cervical enlargement extends from

4th cervical to the 1st thoracic vertebrae and comprises nerves that control upper extremities

The lumbar enlargement extends from

9th to 12th thoracic vertebrae and comprises nerves that control lower extremities

The “horse-tail” and is tail-like collection of nerves at the distal end of the spinal canal

cauda equine

The spinal cord consist of an outer portion of ___ (myelinated axons) and an inner portion of ___(umyelinated axons)

white mater, gray mater

The tracts that conduct sensory information rituals the brain and are also called sensory tracts

Ascending(afferent)

The tracts that conduct motor impulses away from the brain and are also known as motor tracts

descending(efferent)

General characteristics of spinal nerves

Pairs of nerves are connected to the spinal cord by nerve roots

dorsal(posterior)root

ventral(anterior)root

all spinal nerves are mixed

Covering of spinal nerves

epineurium

perineurium

endoneurium

How many cervical nerves

8 pairs

How many thoracic nerves

12 pairs

How many lumbar nerves

5 pairs

How many sacral nerves

5 pairs

How many coccygeal nerves

1 pair

Nerves that arise from C3-C5 and innervate the diaphragm and injury to the phrenic nerves causes respiratory arrest

phrenic nerves

What nerves DO NOT form plexuses

spinal nerves

The largest nerve in the body is

femoral nerve

A reflex is a quick ___ response to stimuli

involuntary

The shortest route that can be taken by an implode from a receptor to an effector (e.g. muscles & glands)

reflex arc

The ___ receptor is a dendrite that senses a change in the internal or external environment

sensory

The ____ center is the gray mater within the CNS where the information is processed

integrating

The __ neurons transmit an impulse to an effector organ for a response

motor

The ___ is a muscle or organ of the body that responds to the motor nerve impulse

effector

A reflex pathway with only ONE synapse in the CNS and the reflex occurs as a result of activation of single sensory neuron forming one synapse in the CNS with a single motor neuron

monosynaptic reflex arc

All monosynaptic reflexes are what

ipsilateral (same side of body)

A reflex that involves more than 2 types of neurons and more than one CNS synpase

polysynaptic

The ___ is also known as the withdrawal reflex

flexor reflex

The spinal cord runs the entire length of the vertebral column

True or false

False

This division of a spinal nerve reenters the vertebral cavity through the intervertebral foramen and serves the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges.

Meningeal branch

This type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

Direct pathway

Both the gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus are ________ tracts found in the ______ white column of the spinal cord.

ascending; posterior

The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerve is called

a dermatome

This type of descending motor pathway originates in the brainstem and governs automatic movements that help regulate muscle tone, posture and balance.

Indirect pathway

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

posterior root ganglion

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

2 only

Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of

pia mater.

What is the largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus?

Femoral

An ipsilateral, intersegmental, spinal somatic reflex will most likely control

many flexor and extensor muscles on the same side of the body as the sensor.

The thoracic nerves are also called the

intercostals nerves

What spinal cord feature is the area where the nerves that supply the lower limb emerge?

Lumbar enlargement

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

Posterior ramus

Spinal nerves
1. Are parts of PNS.
2. connect the CNS to sensors and effectors in all parts of the body.
3. are named according to the region of the cord from which they emerge.

1, 2 & 3

A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord?

2

A severed obturator nerve will lead into paralysis of which region of the body?

Thigh

A man presents with median nerve palsy in his left hand. What is the most likely site of injury?

Median nerve

Another term for the summing of EPSPs and IPSPs in the gray matter of spinal cord is

integration

Injury of which nerve causes footdrop?

Common fibular

A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to get into the spinal column?

Posterior root of spinal nerve

A reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS is called a

A)visceral reflex arc.

B)polysynaptic reflex arc.

C)somatic reflex arc.

D)none of these choices

E)autonomic reflex arc.

None of these choices

Intercostal nerves

do not enter into a plexus and directly connect to the structures they supply.

During childbirth, anesthesia is administered into the epidural space of the spinal column between which of the following vertebrae?
1. L4 and L5
2. T3 and T4
3. S4 and S5
4. C3 and C4

1 only

In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes
1. contraction of the agonist muscle.
2. relaxation of the antagonist muscle.
3. contraction of the antagonist muscle.
4. relaxation of the agonist muscle.

1 and 2

A somatic spinal reflex that involves one effector muscle being stimulated while the opposing muscle is inhibited is called _______ innervation.

Reciprocal

These white matter tracts of the spinal cord carry sensory information.

Ascending tracts

What types of axons are wrapped in a protective endoneurium?
1. Myelinated
2. Unmyelinated
3. Only dendrites are surrounded by endoneurium

Both 1 and 2

In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, a tendon organ initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes
1. contraction of the agonist muscle.
2. relaxation of the antagonist muscle.
3. contraction of the antagonist muscle.
4. relaxation of the agonist muscle.

3 and 4

A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to get into the spinal column?

Posterior root of spinal nerve

A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord?

2

This type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

Direct pathway