Plasticity means
ability to change based on experience
During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel
1. The inactivation gate is open
2. The inactivation gate is closed
3. The channel is permeable to Na+
both 1 and 2 are true
In temporal summation, a single predication neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it
fires as a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold
Hearing your phone ring in an otherwise quiet lecture hall is an example of which of the following types of nervous system functions
sensory function
which of the following types of neurons is exclusively found in the cerebellum
purkinje cells
the motor portion of the autbomic nervous system can be divided into
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
wallerian degeneration refers to
degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury
which cell is a neuroglial cell that removes debris and acts as a phagocyte
Mircroglia
The cell that forms the myelin sheath around the axon is labeled
Schwanncells
which of the following types of neurons is the most common type of neuron found in the brain and spinal cord
multipolar neuron
Which of the following types of neurons have one axon and one dendrite emerging from the cell body and are found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olafactory region of the brain
bipolar neuron
This type of nervous tissues contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells
gray mater
A neurotransmitter that binds to an ionotropic receptor that contains a chlordie channel would be classified as an
inhibitory neurotransmitter and would produce an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron
Which of the following types of electrical signals allow rapid long distance communication within the nervous system
nerve action potential
A polsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitter released by a presynaptic neuron by creating
either EPSPs or IPSPs
Which of the following types of cells display the property of electrical excitability
Muscle cells & neurons
In the process of spatial summation ___ are added together and ___ are subtracted from that total to determine whether__ will be created at the trigger sone of the postsynaptic neuron
EPSPs; IPSPs; action potential
Which type of axons has the largest diameter
A fibers
Which type of channels is involved in leaking sodium and potassium ions across the membrane in order to establish the resting potential of a cell
leakage channels
When the summed total of postsynaptic potential rises above threshold creation of action potential occurs
at the trigger zone
Chromatoylsis refers to
break up of modal bodies after neural injury
Faster communication and sychronized are two advantages of
electrical synapses
Na+/K+-ATPase is considered to be an electrogenic pump because
It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential
Which of the following organelles is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons
Nissl body
Which neuroglial cell forms and maintains the myelin sheath around CNS axons
Oligodendrocytes
An excitatory neurotransmitter ___ the postsynaptic membrane
Depolarizes
Which of the following neurotranmitters are used in vitrually all of the inhibitory synapases found in the spinal cord
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine
This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body
bipolar neuron
The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from
-40 to -90 mV
Which of the following is NOT considered a small molecule neurotransmitter
endorphins
Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to
remove a neurotransmitter
The nervous system is the body’s what
principal control and integrating system
The nervous systems respond how many functions
3 main functions
Sensory
detection of changes inside and outside the body by specialized cells called sensory receptors
Intergrative
interpretation of the changes detected by the sensory mechanisms
Motor
reacting to changes through the action of the organ systems such as the glands(always releasing something) and muscles
The central nervous system is made up of
brain (85 billion neurons), spinal cord (100 million neurons)
Central nervous system is the
source of thoughts, emotions, and memories and signals that stimulate muscle contraction and gland secretion originate here
The peripheral nervous system is made up of
cranial nerves (12 pairs), spinal nerves(31 pairs)
Somatic NS is what
under voluntary control, includes sensory neurons that convert info to the CNS from receptors in the head, body wall, limbs, and from special senses receptors
The nervous system that includes motor neurons that conduct impulses to skeletal muscles only
Somatic NS (peripheral nervous system)
Autonomic NS
under involuntary control includes sensory neurons that convey information to the CNS primarily from visceral organs
the nervous system that includes motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Autonomic NS( peripheral nervous system)
Enetric NS
under involuntary control consist of over 100 million neurons in enteric plexuses
neurons
cells that conduct nerve impulses
Oligodendrocytes
most common glial cell type. Form myelin sheath around more than one axon in the CNS
Microglial
engage in phagocytosis of cellist debris and damaged nervous tissue. Small cells with slender processes with spine like projections
Schwann cells
produce myelin sheath around single axons and participate in axon regeneration
Cell body (soma)
contains a single nucleus and granular cytoplasm
Dendrites
recieve stimuli and convey nerve impulses to the cell body
Axon
conducts impulses from the neuron to the dendrites of another neuron or to an effector organ of the body
The axon and axon collaterals terminate in fine filaments known as axon terminals OR
Telodendria
Afferent sensory neurons
nerve cells that conduct impulses from the sensory receptors towards the brain
Efferent motor neurons
nerve cells that conduct impulses from the brain towards the effectors ( muscles and glands)
The ability to produce nerve impulses ( nerve action potential) is dependent on
membrane potentials and ion channels
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
inhibitory neurotransmitters used in 1/3 of all brain synapses