Nutrition TEST 2 Flashcards

• carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body
• maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen
• participates in metabolic reactions
• serves as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities
• acts as a lubricant and cushions joints and inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and, in pregnancy, the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus in the womb
• aids in the regulation of normal body temperature, as the evaporation of sweat from the skin removes excess heat from the body
• maintains blood volume

• the accounting of water inflows, outflows, and storage changes within a system over time

• fluids (2000 ml - 8 cups)
• water content in food (500 ml - 2 cups)
• water produced from metabolism (300 ml - 1.25 cups)

beverages (550 - 1500 mL)

foods (700 - 1000 mL)

metabolism (200 - 300 mL)

total: 1450 - 2800 mL

insensible losses

• skin perspiration (750 ml - 3 cups)
• lung respiration (300 ml - 1.25 cups)
• feces (100 ml - 0.4 cup)

sensible losses

• urine (1650 ml - 6.75 cups)

kidneys (urine) (500 - 1400 mL)

skin (sweat) (450 - 900 mL)

lungs (breath) (350 mL)

GI tract (feces) (150 mL)

total: 1450 - 2800

• less than or equal to 2 drinks (per day)

• less than or equal to one drink (per day)

½ oz pure ethanol

• 5 oz of wine
• 10 oz of wine cooler
• 12 oz of beer
• 1 ½ oz of liquor (80 proof whisky, scotch, rum, or vodka)

• rate of stomach emptying
• intake of certain drugs
• type of beverage consumed

• alcohol needs no digestion, quickly absorbed across the walls of an empty stomach, reaching the brain within a few minutes
• when stomach is full of food – alcohol has less chance of touching the walls and diffusing through → influence on the brain is slightly delayed
• carbohydrate snacks slow alcohol absorption, high-fat snacks slow peristalsis, keeping alcohol in the stomach longer

• women produce less alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme in the stomach → more alcohol reaches the intestine for absorption into the blood stream
• absorb more alcohol than men of the same size drink, more likely to become intoxicated on alcohol than men

• certain drinks have higher alcohol content than others
• different beverages influence gastric emptying and absorption rate
• carbonated drinks increase gastric pressure, speed gastric emptying (higher and earlier peak BAC)
• higher alcohol content / hard alcohol (higher concentration of ethanol, slower initial absorption but progresses quickly once in small intestine)
• diluted alcohol (reducing gastric irritation, speed up gastric emptying) – faster absorption than undiluted spirits
• sugary drinks – can slow the absorption of alcohol

• reduces blood clotting
• increases HDL
• reduces inflammation (CRP)
• improved insulin sensitivity
• lower dementia / Alzheimer's disease risk

polyphenols

• red wine, dark beer
• antioxidant effect

• dehydration, loss of important minerals
• malnutrition (diet quality declines as alcohol consumption increases)
• displacing other important nutrients
• arthritis
• bone loss
• cancer
• fetal alcohol syndrome
• heart disease
• hyperglycemia
• hypoglycemia
• infertility
• kidney disease
• liver disease
• lung disease
• nerve disorders
• obesity
• psychological disturbances (depression, anxiety, insomnia)

• enzyme system that metabolizes both alcohol and several other types of drugs
• handles about ⅕ of the total alcohol a person consumes
• high blood concentrations, repeated exposures to alcohol – alcohol stimulates synthesis of enzymes in the MEOS
• results in more efficient alcohol metabolism and tolerance to its effects
• drinking and using drugs at the same time – alcohol is prioritized for metabolism, drug more slowly (drug effect builds up, greatly amplified result)

• advanced liver disease in which liver cells turn orange, die, and harden, permanently losing their function (often associated with alcoholism)
• fatty infiltration of the liver (most advanced stage)
• 2nd leading cause for liver transplant
• 50% chance of death within four years

• a neurological disorder typically associated with chronic alcoholism and caused by a deficiency of the B vitamin thiamin (also called alcohol-related dementia)
• syndrome characterized by paralysis of eye muscles, poor muscle coordination, impaired memory, and damaged nerves

• required in gram quantities
• structure - polymer
• some are essential
• provide calories

carbs, lipids, protein

• required in mg quantities
• structure - individual molecule
• all are essential
• provide no calories

vitamins and minerals

dissolve in fat or organic solvents

• vitamin A
• vitamin D
• vitamin E
• vitamin K

• must first enter the lymph and then enter the blood

• require transport proteins to move around

• held in fatty tissues and the liver until needed

• remain in fat storage sites in the body rather than being excreted
• more likely to reach toxic levels when consumed in excess

dissolve in water

• found in the watery compartments of food
• B vitamins
• vitamin C

• directly into the blood

• travel freely

• circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body

• kidneys detect and remove excess in urine
• lower risk of toxicity
• greater risk of deficiency if intake is inadequate

• possible to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements

• likely to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements

• needed in frequent doses (perhaps 1 to 3 days)

• needed in periodic doses (perhaps weeks or even months)

• thiamin (B1)
• riboflavin (B2)
• Niacin (B3)
• B6
• folate
• B12

• whole-grain, fortified, or enriched grain products
• pork
• moderate amounts in all nutritious foods

• milk products (yogurt, cheese)
• whole-grain, fortified, or enriched grain products
• liver

• milk
• eggs
• meat / poultry / fish
• whole-grain, fortified, and enriched grain products
• nuts and all protein-containing foods

• meat / fish / poultry
• potatoes
• starchy vegetables
• legumes
• noncitrus fruits
• fortified cereals
• liver
• soy products

• fortified grains
• leafy green vegetables
• legumes
• seeds
• liver

• foods of animal origin (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs)
• fortified cereals

• beriberi
• wernicke-korsakoff syndrome (related to heavy alcohol consumption with limited food consumption)

• severe thiamin deficiency associated with heavy alcohol consumption with limited food consumption (or poor diet)
• ^alcohol diminishes thiamin absorption, increases thiamin excretion
• characterized by muscle weakness, edema, or both

• ariboflavinosis

• glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)
• cheliosis (cracks at corner of mouth)
• occurs within two months, rarely in isolation
• risk factors: alcoholic use disorder, phenobarbital use, no milk intake (marginal)

• pellagra

• characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventually death
• affects skin, GI tract, CNS (worsened by sun exposure)
• caused by: meat (fatback, protein poor), maize (corn as main staple in diet), molasses
• occurs in 50-60 days

• microcytic hypochromic anemia

• blood cells are abnormally small
• convulsion, depression, confusion
• reduced immune response
• peripheral nerve damage
• seborrhetic dermatitis (chronic inflammatory skin condition)

• megoblastic anemia

• abnormally large, immature, and dysfunctional red blood cells
• decreased DNA synthesis, cells fail to divide
• additional folate may also mask an underlying vitamin B12 deficiency

• pernicious anemia

• due to low absorption rather than low intake
• looks like megoblastic anemia (anemia due to low folate - abnormally large, immature, and dysfunctional red blood cells)

• antioxidant
• collagen formation (connective tissue that keeps skin intact)
• neurotransmitter formation
• hormone formation
• enhances immune function (protects WBCs from damage)
• reducing agent (donates electrons to metals which enhances iron absorption)

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