front 1
major functions of water in the body | back 1 - carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body
- maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and
glycogen
- participates in metabolic reactions
- serves
as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and
many other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic
activities
- acts as a lubricant and cushions joints and inside
the eyes, the spinal cord, and, in pregnancy, the amniotic sac
surrounding the fetus in the womb
- aids in the regulation of
normal body temperature, as the evaporation of sweat from the skin
removes excess heat from the body
- maintains blood
volume
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| back 2 - the accounting of water inflows, outflows, and storage changes
within a system over time
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front 3
major water sources (water in) | back 3 - fluids (2000 ml - 8 cups)
- water content in food (500
ml - 2 cups)
- water produced from metabolism (300 ml - 1.25
cups)
beverages (550 - 1500 mL)
foods (700 - 1000 mL)
metabolism (200 - 300 mL)
total: 1450 - 2800 mL |
front 4
body's major routes of water loss (water out) | back 4
insensible losses
- skin perspiration (750 ml - 3 cups)
- lung respiration
(300 ml - 1.25 cups)
- feces (100 ml - 0.4 cup)
sensible losses
- urine (1650 ml - 6.75 cups)
kidneys (urine) (500 - 1400 mL)
skin (sweat) (450 - 900 mL)
lungs (breath) (350 mL)
GI tract (feces) (150 mL)
total: 1450 - 2800 |
front 5
moderate alcohol consumption for men | back 5 - less than or equal to 2 drinks (per day)
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front 6
moderate alcohol consumption for women | back 6 - less than or equal to one drink (per day)
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front 7
one drink when referring to an alcoholic beverage | back 7 ½ oz pure ethanol
- 5 oz of wine
- 10 oz of wine cooler
- 12 oz of
beer
- 1 ½ oz of liquor (80 proof whisky, scotch, rum, or
vodka)
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front 8
several factors that affect the body's ability to metabolize alcohol | back 8 - rate of stomach emptying
- intake of certain drugs
- type of beverage consumed
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front 9
rate of stomach emptying affect on alcohol metabolization | back 9 - alcohol needs no digestion, quickly absorbed across the walls
of an empty stomach, reaching the brain within a few minutes
- when stomach is full of food – alcohol has less chance of
touching the walls and diffusing through → influence on the brain is
slightly delayed
- carbohydrate snacks slow alcohol
absorption, high-fat snacks slow peristalsis, keeping alcohol in the
stomach longer
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front 10
alcohol metabolization: women vs men | back 10 - women produce less alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme in the stomach
→ more alcohol reaches the intestine for absorption into the blood
stream
- absorb more alcohol than men of the same size drink,
more likely to become intoxicated on alcohol than men
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front 11
type of alcohol consumed, effect on alcohol metabolization | back 11 - certain drinks have higher alcohol content than others
- different beverages influence gastric emptying and absorption
rate
- carbonated drinks increase gastric pressure, speed
gastric emptying (higher and earlier peak BAC)
- higher
alcohol content / hard alcohol (higher concentration of ethanol,
slower initial absorption but progresses quickly once in small
intestine)
- diluted alcohol (reducing gastric irritation,
speed up gastric emptying) – faster absorption than undiluted
spirits
- sugary drinks – can slow the absorption of
alcohol
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front 12
potential health benefits associated with moderate consumption | back 12 - reduces blood clotting
- increases HDL
- reduces
inflammation (CRP)
- improved insulin sensitivity
- lower dementia / Alzheimer's disease risk
polyphenols
- red wine, dark beer
- antioxidant effect
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front 13
detrimental effects of alcohol when consumed in excess | back 13 - dehydration, loss of important minerals
- malnutrition
(diet quality declines as alcohol consumption increases)
- displacing other important nutrients
- arthritis
- bone loss
- cancer
- fetal
alcohol syndrome
- heart disease
- hyperglycemia
- hypoglycemia
- infertility
- kidney disease
- liver disease
- lung disease
- nerve
disorders
- obesity
- psychological disturbances
(depression, anxiety, insomnia)
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front 14
MEOS (Microsomal Ethanol-Oxidizing System) | back 14 - enzyme system that metabolizes both alcohol and several other
types of drugs
- handles about ⅕ of the total alcohol a
person consumes
- high blood concentrations, repeated
exposures to alcohol – alcohol stimulates synthesis of enzymes in
the MEOS
- results in more efficient alcohol metabolism and
tolerance to its effects
- drinking and using drugs at the
same time – alcohol is prioritized for metabolism, drug more slowly
(drug effect builds up, greatly amplified result)
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| back 15 - advanced liver disease in which liver cells turn orange, die,
and harden, permanently losing their function (often associated with
alcoholism)
- fatty infiltration of the liver (most advanced
stage)
- 2nd leading cause for liver transplant
- 50%
chance of death within four years
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front 16
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome | back 16 - a neurological disorder typically associated with chronic
alcoholism and caused by a deficiency of the B vitamin thiamin (also
called alcohol-related dementia)
- syndrome characterized by
paralysis of eye muscles, poor muscle coordination, impaired memory,
and damaged nerves
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| back 17 - required in gram quantities
- structure - polymer
- some are essential
- provide calories
carbs, lipids, protein |
| back 18 - required in mg quantities
- structure - individual
molecule
- all are essential
- provide no calories
vitamins and minerals |
| back 19 dissolve in fat or organic solvents
- vitamin A
- vitamin D
- vitamin E
- vitamin K
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front 20
how solubility affects absorption: fat-soluble vitamins | back 20 - must first enter the lymph and then enter the blood
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front 21
how solubility affects transport: fat-soluble vitamins | back 21 - require transport proteins to move around
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front 22
how solubility affects storage: fat-soluble vitamins | back 22 - held in fatty tissues and the liver until needed
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front 23
how solubility affects excretion: fat-soluble vitamins | back 23 - remain in fat storage sites in the body rather than being
excreted
- more likely to reach toxic levels when consumed
in excess
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| back 24 dissolve in water
- found in the watery compartments of food
- B
vitamins
- vitamin C
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