Phys 37 Flashcards

After a small vessel is ruptured, which immediate response reflects intrinsic smooth muscle contraction of the vessel wall itself?

A. Endothelial budding
B. Fibrin polymerization
C. Myogenic spasm
D. Leukocyte rolling

Damaged tissue can promote early postinjury vasoconstriction through locally released:

A. Autacoid factors
B. Fibrin monomers
C. Plasmin fragments
D. Acute phase proteins

Which mechanism represents a contribution to immediate vasoconstriction after vascular injury?

A. Collagen exposure
B. Platelet degranulation
C. Fibrin cross-linking
D. Nervous reflexes

Ongoing platelet activity helps narrow a recently injured vessel by releasing:

A. Fibrinopeptide B
B. Thromboxane A2
C. Protein C
D. Tissue plasminogen

A superficial capillary nick stops bleeding before a stable fibrin mesh develops. The defect was most likely sealed initially by a:

A. Platelet plug
B. Fibrin reticulum
C. Fibroblast scar
D. Red cell cast

Circulating thrombocytes arise from fragmentation of:

A. Myeloblasts
B. Hepatocytes
C. Megakaryocytes
D. Endothelial cells

Which platelet contractile protein is most directly involved in clot contraction?

A. Talin
B. Spectrin
C. Fibrillin
D. Thrombosthenin

Besides thrombosthenin, what other two proteins are involved in clot contraction?

____ and ____

After endothelial denudation, platelets adhere most directly to exposed:

A. Collagen and fibrin
B. Collagen and vWF
C. Elastin and albumin
D. Laminin and plasmin

Platelet surface glycoproteins participate in adhesion by binding:

A. von Willebrand factor
B. Tissue factor
C. Antithrombin III
D. High-molecular kininogen

Early during platelet aggregation, activated platelets release:

A. Protein C and S
B. Heparin and plasmin
C. ADP and PAF
D. Fibrin and factor XIII

Which group most directly amplifies recruitment of nearby platelets at an injury site?

A. Factor XII, prekallikrein, HMWK
B. Thrombin, protein C, plasmin
C. Serotonin, albumin, fibrin
D. ADP, PAF, TXA2

A thrombocytopenic patient develops multiple pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin. These lesions are termed:

A. Ecchymoses
B. Petechiae
C. Telangiectasias
D. Hematomas

A formed clot that becomes organized during healing is most likely to undergo:

A. Invasion by fibroblasts
B. Hyaline degeneration
C. Neutrophilic cavitation
D. Endothelial exfoliation

When a clot persists during healing, it can become organized. That means the clot is gradually replaced by granulation tissue.

This involves:

• ______ growing into the clot
• ______ cells forming new capillaries
• Deposition of ______

A small clot that disappears rather than becoming organized has most likely undergone:

A. Ossification
B. Encapsulation
C. Fatty change
D. Dissolution

The first general step in coagulation is:

A. Fibrin cross-linking
B. Prothrombin activator formation
C. Platelet plug retraction
D. Plasmin generation

The second general step of coagulation is best described as:

A. Factor XIII activation
B. Fibrin stabilization
C. Prothrombin to thrombin
D. Plasminogen to plasmin

The final general step in clot formation is:

A. Fibrinogen to fibrin
B. Factor X to Xa
C. Platelet adhesion to collagen
D. Prothrombin synthesis

Fibrinogen to fibrin is done by the enzyme ______

Factor Xa most directly converts prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of sufficient:

A. ADP
B. vWF
C. Fibrinogen
D. Ca2+

The rate-limiting event in blood coagulation is the formation of:

A. Thrombin
B. Fibrin monomers
C. Prothrombin activator
D. Cross-linked fibrin

Prothrombin is synthesized primarily in the ______.

A patient with impaired vitamin-dependent hepatic clotting function would have defective normal activation of prothrombin because the liver requires vitamin:

A. K
B. C
C. B6
D. E

Fibrinogen is synthesized primarily in the ______.

In coagulation, thrombin functions primarily as a:

A. Carrier protein
B. Protease
C. Kinase
D. Phosphatase

Once fibrin strands are formed, the reticulum is strengthened by:

A. Thromboxane A2
B. Platelet factor 4
C. Fibrin stabilizing factor
D. Tissue factor inhibitor

A laboratory specimen forms a clot but fails to retract appropriately. This finding most strongly suggests decreased:

A. Circulating platelets
B. Vitamin K stores
C. Hepatic fibrinogen
D. Plasma calcium

In this material, fibrin stabilizing factor is released by:

A. Hepatocytes
B. Neutrophils
C. Endothelium
D. Platelets

Thrombin exerts what effect on its own generation?

A. No meaningful feedback
B. Positive feedback
C. Negative feedback
D. Delayed inhibition

A patient with extensive soft-tissue trauma develops rapid coagulation through the pathway initiated outside the bloodstream. Which pathway is most directly involved?

A. Common pathway
B. Intrinsic pathway
C. Extrinsic pathway
D. Fibrinolytic pathway

In contrast to the extrinsic pathway, the intrinsic pathway is best characterized by which initiating feature?

A. Begins in the blood
B. Starts in the liver
C. Requires fibrinolysis first
D. Needs mast cell rupture

A crush injury to skeletal muscle rapidly activates coagulation because trauma to the vascular wall and surrounding tissues preferentially triggers the:

A. Protein C pathway
B. Extrinsic pathway
C. Intrinsic pathway
D. Plasmin pathway

The first major event in the extrinsic pathway is release of:

A. Prekallikrein
B. Platelet factor 4
C. Tissue factor
D. Factor VIII

Traumatized tissue releases which substance to initiate the extrinsic cascade?

A. Thromboplastin
B. Plasminogen
C. Thrombomodulin
D. Antithrombin III

In the extrinsic pathway, tissue factor complexes with which factor before activation of factor X?

A. Factor V
B. Factor VII
C. Factor IX
D. Factor XI

In tissue injury, factor X is most directly converted to Xa by the combination of:

A. VIIIa and IXa
B. XIIa and XIa
C. V and calcium
D. VII and tissue factor

Which event occurs immediately after factor X activation in the extrinsic pathway?

A. Fibrin degradation
B. Prothrombin synthesis
C. Xa forms prothrombin activator
D. XI converts to XIa

In the extrinsic pathway, prothrombin is split to thrombin in the presence of:

A. HMW kininogen
B. Platelet factor 3
C. Calcium
D. Oxalate

Which factor accelerates protease activity in the extrinsic pathway and promotes more clotting by positive feedback?

A. Factor II
B. Factor V
C. Factor VIII
D. Factor XII

A coagulation defect selectively impairing the accelerating factor of the extrinsic pathway would most directly involve:

A. Factor V
B. Factor VII
C. Factor IX
D. Factor XIII

A researcher compares clotting pathways and notes one is triggered by trauma to blood itself or exposure of blood to collagen. This describes the:

A. Extrinsic pathway
B. Fibrinolytic pathway
C. Intrinsic pathway
D. Protein C pathway

Exposure of blood to subendothelial collagen most directly instigates the:

A. Extrinsic pathway
B. Intrinsic pathway
C. Common pathway only
D. Plasmin pathway

The earliest intrinsic-pathway event after blood trauma is activation of factor XII along with release of:

A. Protein C
B. Platelet phospholipids
C. Antithrombin III
D. Tissue factor

When blood trauma occurs, platelet phospholipids release:

A. PF3
B. PGI2
C. t-PA
D. vWF

In the intrinsic pathway, factor XIIa converts factor XI to XIa only in the presence of:

A. Tissue factor
B. Antithrombin III
C. HMW kininogen
D. Protein S

Which substance accelerates the conversion of factor XI to XIa during intrinsic coagulation?

A. Citrate
B. Prekallikrein
C. Oxalate
D. Thrombomodulin

In the intrinsic pathway, factor XIa most directly converts:

A. VIII to VIIIa
B. X to Xa
C. IX to IXa
D. II to IIa

Activation of factor X through the intrinsic pathway requires IXa acting together with VIIIa, platelet phospholipids, and:

A. Factor III
B. Factor VII
C. Factor XII
D. Protein C

Which combination is required for intrinsic activation of factor X?

A. VIIa, tissue factor, calcium
B. XIIa, XIa, prekallikrein
C. IXa, VIIIa, III, phospholipids
D. V, thrombin, antithrombin III

After factor X becomes Xa in the intrinsic pathway, Xa forms prothrombin activator with assistance from:

A. Factor V
B. Factor VII
C. Factor VIII
D. Factor XIII

Following formation of prothrombin activator in the intrinsic pathway, the next step is:

A. XI to XIa
B. Prothrombin to thrombin
C. Fibrin to plasmin
D. VIII to VIIIa

The final step listed in the intrinsic pathway is conversion of:

A. Thrombin to prothrombin
B. Fibrin to fibrinogen
C. Fibrinogen to fibrin
D. Plasminogen to plasmin

Compared with the extrinsic pathway, the intrinsic pathway generally occurs:

A. Faster
B. Slower
C. Simultaneously
D. Independently

Contact of factor XII and platelets with collagen most directly initiates the:

A. Extrinsic pathway
B. Intrinsic pathway
C. Common pathway
D. Protein C pathway

A phlebotomy specimen is prevented from clotting by chemically reducing ionized calcium. Which additive could achieve this?

A. Heparin only
B. Nitric oxide
C. Citrate
D. Tissue factor

Which additive also prevents clotting in removed blood by reducing available calcium?

A. Oxalate
B. PGI2
C. Protein C
D. PF3

Which endothelial property normally helps prevent contact activation of the intrinsic clotting system?

A. Surface smoothness
B. Tissue factor exposure
C. Mast cell heparin
D. Fibrin polymerization

The endothelial glycocalyx helps prevent coagulation primarily by:

A. Activating factor XII
B. Repelling clotting factors
C. Releasing tissue factor
D. Converting plasminogen

Which endothelial membrane-bound molecule contributes to prevention of clotting in normal vessels?

A. Thrombomodulin
B. Thrombosthenin
C. Thromboplastin
D. PF3

Thrombomodulin bound to thrombin most directly activates:

A. Protein C
B. Factor V
C. Factor X
D. Plasmin

Activated protein C exerts anticoagulant effects by inactivating which factors?

A. II and VII
B. V and VIII
C. IX and X
D. XI and XII

Two prominent endothelial vasodilators that inhibit platelet aggregation are:

A. NO and PGI2
B. ADP and PAF
C. TXA2 and serotonin
D. t-PA and plasmin

Which prostanoid released by endothelium inhibits platelet aggregation?

A. TXA2
B. PGI2
C. PGE1
D. PGF2α

An important circulating anticoagulant that removes thrombin from blood is:

A. Protein C
B. Fibrinogen
C. Antithrombin III
D. vWF

Besides antithrombin III, which structure in a developing clot can help remove thrombin?

A. Fibrin fibers
B. Platelet glycocalyx
C. Tissue factor
D. Factor VIIIa

Heparin exerts its major anticoagulant effect in this material by binding to antithrombin III and increasing removal of:

A. Fibrinogen
B. Thrombin
C. Protein C
D. Tissue factor

Heparin bound to antithrombin III inactivates which activated clotting-factor range?

A. IIa–V
B. Va–VIIIa
C. IXa–XIIa
D. I–IV

Heparin is released primarily by:

A. Neutrophils
B. Hepatocytes
C. Mast cells
D. Megakaryocytes

Which enzyme digests fibrin and also degrades fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII, prothrombin, and factor XII?

A. Thrombin
B. Plasmin
C. Kallikrein
D. Elastase

Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin is catalyzed by:

A. PF3
B. Antithrombin III
C. t-PA
D. Protein C

A patient receives thrombolytic therapy for an acute clot. The drug most directly mimics the action of:

A. Tissue plasminogen activator
B. Factor V accelerator
C. Platelet factor 3
D. HMW kininogen

One of the classic major causes of excessive bleeding?

A. Hemophilia
B. Thrombosis
C. Polycythemia
D. Vasculitis

A patient with diffuse petechiae and a markedly decreased platelet count has excessive bleeding due to:

A. Hemophilia
B. Hypercoagulability
C. Vitamin K deficiency
D. Thrombocytopenia

Vitamin K serves as a cofactor for which hepatic enzyme type?

A. Protease
B. Carboxylase
C. Oxidase
D. Transferase

Vitamin K–dependent carboxylation directly modifies which clotting factor?

A. Factor VIII
B. Factor II
C. Factor XI
D. Factor XII

Which clotting factor also requires vitamin K–dependent carboxylation in the liver?

A. Factor VIII
B. Factor V
C. Factor XIII
D. Factor VII

A defect in vitamin K–dependent carboxylation would impair activation of which additional factor?

A. Factor IX
B. Factor VIII
C. Factor XI
D. Factor XII

Vitamin K deficiency would also reduce proper hepatic modification of:

A. Factor XI
B. Factor XII
C. Factor X
D. Factor VIII

Which anticoagulant protein is included among the vitamin K–dependent carboxylated proteins?

A. Protein C
B. Protein S
C. Plasmin
D. Antithrombin III

Vitamin K is recycled back to its active form by:

A. Cyclooxygenase
B. Thrombin
C. t-PA
D. VKORC1

Hemophilia occurs almost exclusively in:

A. Males
B. Females
C. Neonates
D. Elderly patients

Most cases of hemophilia are caused by deficiency of:

A. Factor IX
B. Factor XI
C. Factor X
D. Factor VIII

A patient with the less common classic hemophilia variant has deficiency of:

A. Factor VIII
B. Factor IX
C. Factor VII
D. Factor V

In hemophilia A, the primarily affected coagulation pathway is the:

A. Extrinsic pathway
B. Common pathway
C. Intrinsic pathway
D. Fibrinolytic pathway

Deficiency of factor IX is specifically termed:

A. von Willebrand disease
B. Hemophilia A
C. DIC
D. Hemophilia B

Loss of the larger component of factor VIII produces:

A. Hemophilia B
B. DIC
C. ITP
D. von Willebrand disease

Which mechanism can explain low platelet count?

______ ______ infection

A cirrhotic patient with portal hypertension has thrombocytopenia mainly because of:

______ sequestration

An enlarged spleen holds onto more platelets than normal, so the circulating platelet count _______.

Widespread microvascular clotting may lower platelet count through:

A. Decreased thrombopoiesis
B. Splenic rupture
C. Platelet consumption in thrombi
D. Increased platelet turnover

A massively transfused trauma patient develops low platelets primarily because of:

A. Dilution from transfusion
B. Platelet autoantibodies
C. Marrow infection
D. Portal congestion

In selected patients with thrombocytopenia, which intervention may be beneficial?

A. Hepatectomy
B. Splenectomy
C. Nephrectomy
D. Appendectomy

An abnormal clot forming within an intact blood vessel is called a:

A. Embolus
B. Hematoma
C. Petechia
D. Thrombus

A detached intravascular clot traveling in the circulation is a:

A. Embolus
B. Purpura
C. Thrombus
D. Fibrin strand

A lower-extremity clot that dislodges and obstructs the pulmonary arteries causes:

A. Cerebral embolism
B. Pulmonary embolism
C. Coronary thrombosis
D. Portal embolism

Septicemia may trigger simultaneous diffuse coagulation and consumption known as:

A. TTP
B. HIT
C. ITP
D. DIC

Coumarin therapy decreases which factor most associated with the extrinsic pathway?

A. Factor VIII
B. Factor IX
C. Protein C
D. Factor VII

Warfarin lowers which precursor listed in this material?

A. Active prothrombin
B. Fibrinogen
C. Plasminogen
D. Factor VIII

Warfarin most directly inhibits which enzyme?

A. Thrombin
B. Factor Xa
C. VKORC1
D. Cyclooxygenase

Exposure of blood to silicon inactivates platelets and:

A. Factor IX
B. Factor XI
C. Factor X
D. Factor XII

Removal of ionized calcium from blood will produce:

A. More coagulation
B. Faster fibrinolysis
C. Less coagulation
D. Platelet activation

Bleeding time most directly evaluates:

A. Platelet levels
B. Extrinsic pathway
C. Intrinsic pathway
D. Fibrin stability

The normal INR range given in this material is:

A. 2.0 to 3.0
B. 0.9 to 1.3
C. 1.5 to 2.5
D. 3.0 to 4.0

A patient appropriately anticoagulated with warfarin should generally have an INR of:

A. 2.0 to 3.0
B. 0.9 to 1.3
C. 1.2 to 1.8
D. 3.5 to 4.5

A markedly elevated INR most strongly indicates:

A. Risk of bleeding
B. Platelet deficiency
C. Faster clot retraction
D. Hyperfibrinolysis

A low INR most strongly suggests:

A. Factor VIII deficiency
B. Hepatic failure
C. Vitamin K deficiency
D. High chance of clot

________ is the major enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis, meaning it breaks down a clot after it's no longer needed.