Endocrine system- exam 1 Flashcards

• connects to the hypothalamus
• 2 main parts- Anterior pituitary & Posterior pituitary

secretes its hormones in response to releasing hormones from the hypothalamus

stores and releases hormones

two lobes that lie below the larynx in front and on both sides of the trachea

4-6 small glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

• on top of each kidney
• adrenal medulla (middle)
• adrenal cortex (outer portion)

• upper left abdomen
• alpha cells (outer portion)
• beta cells (secret insulin)
• islets of langerhans (where alpha and beta cells are found)

pelvic cavity- females

suspended In the scrotum in males

in the midbrain

front of thoracic cavity

functions as endocrine gland when secreting hormones atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

• regulation of metabolism
• growth rate
• physical development
• sexual function
• reproduction
• fluid balance

T3, T4, and calcitonin

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

prolactin, ACTH, GH, TSH, FSH, LH

ADH, oxytocin

epinephrine &norepinephrine (catecholamines)

cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones- androgens/estorgens

glutton & insulin

Pituitary

Anterior pituitary

PROlactin

ACTH

gonadotropins - (FSH,LH)

TSH

growth hormone

Posterior pituitary

• (OH)- Oxytocin
• (A)- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• (F)- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• (L)- luteinizing hormone (LH)
• (A)- Adronocorteeicotropic hormone (ACTH)
• (T)- thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• (PI)-Prolactin
• (G)- growth hormone

• deceased thyroid function
• TSH will be increased
• T3 AND T4 may be decreased

• cold, tired
• sluggish
• decreased metabolism
• weight gain

Increased thyroid function

• TSH will be decreased
• T3 and T4 may be increased

• warm/increased temp
• increased metabolism
• weight loss

produced and secreted by by parathyroid glands

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines) in response from the sympathetic nervous system

prepares the body to meet stress or emergency situations and prevents hypoglycemia

functions as a pressor to maintain blood pressure

secretes corticosteroids- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)

effects electrolytes, particularly NA,K, AND CI

• influences sodium reabsorption by an action on the renal tubules
• influences salt and water balance
• a person with mineralocorticoids would die within 3-7 days

essential for utilization of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

• primary is cortisol which acts to increase glucose levels in the blood
• cortisol also helps counteract the inflammatory response

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

regulated by prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) and prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) from hypothalamus

initiates & maintains milk production

secreted post partum

regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus-t FSH

targets sex organs- ovaries and testes

• initiates growth of ova in ovarian follicles
• secretion of estrogen by the cells of the follicle

initiates sperm production in testes

regulated by GnRH from hypothalamus

- another gonadotropic hormone

-WOMEN- causes ovulation

-MEN- stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes

true

secretes into the bloodstream

secretes through a duct to the target tissue

• insulin - beta cells responsible for producing and secreting insulin
• glucagon- alpha cells are responsible for releasing glucogon, which stimulates the liver to change glycogen to glucose

• pituitary gland becomes smaller
• thyroid becomes more nodular and metabolism gradually declines
• hormones such as aldosterone, renin, calcitonin, and growth hormone decrease
• older women have a decrease in estrogen and prolactin and men have a decrease in testosterone

either an imbalance in the production of the hormone, or an alteration in the body's ability to use the hormone

• hypersecretion (over secretion of hormones)
• hyposecretion (under secretion of hormones)
• tumors and inflammation

medications, trauma, hormone therapy

temporary or permanent

a substance is injected to stimulate a gland

-the hormone secreted by that gland is then measured in the blood to determine how well it responded to the stimulation

• opposite of stimulating tests
• a substance is injected to suppress a hormones release

measures TSH, T4,T3 , thyroid antibodies, calcitonin, and thyroglobulin

-may be ordered as a group or individually

-non fasting test

METABOLISM

secreting insulin

producing glucogon

stored and released in the hypothalamus

if Ca goes down PTH goes, if Ca goes up PTH goes up

calcitonin decreases Ca levels

fight or flight

keeps blood pressure up

sodium and water balance

blood sugar goes up

24 hour urine