BMD 420 Module 4 (Chapter 10) Flashcards

Transport oxygen and nutrients, remove wastes, immune defense, maintain homeostasis

Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Carry blood away from the heart

Return blood to the heart

Site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange

Hemocytoblast (early stem cell), Proerythroblast (RBC), Myeloblast (Granulocytic WBC), Lymphoblast (lymphocytes/agranulocytes), Monoblast (monocytes/agranulocytes), Megakaryoblast (thrombocytes/platelets)

Biconcave flexible discs, no nucleus, glucose is the primary nutrient source, contains hemoglobin. Erythropoietin produced in the kidney stimulates erythrocyte production. Folic acid and Vitamin B12 are essential for RBC maturation.

1. Hemolysis of erythrocyte->Hemoglobin->Heme and Globin. 2. Heme->Iron that is recycled to bone marrow or stored->Hematopoiesis. 3. Heme->Bilirubin/unconjugated (transported bound to serum albumin)->Blood->Liver (conjugated with glucuronic acid)->Bilirubin/conjugated-> Bile 4. Globin-> Amino acids recycled

Vasoconstriction or vascular spasm after injury, platelet plug, coagulation fibrin mesh formation

Measures RBC, WBC, platelet counts hemoglobin and hematocrit.

Increased WBCs associated with inflammation or infection

Decreased WBCs associated with some viral infections, radiation, chemotherapy

Common in allergic responses

Morphology (shows size, shape, uniformity, maturity of cells), Hematocrit (Percent by volume of cellular elements in blood), Hemoglobin (Amount of hemoglobin per unit volume of blood. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) indicates the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood).

Indicates bone marrow production of RBCs

Determines serum levels of components such as iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, cholesterol, urea, glucose

Measures platelet function

Tests measuring blood clotting factor function

For severe anemia or thrombocytopenia

To maintain blood volume. Crystalloids (intravenous saline; increase intravascular and interstitial volume) and Colloid (contain glucose or hydroxyethyl starch to increase intravascular volume)

O2 and CO2 transport. Compatible with all blood types. None of them can perform all the complex functions of normal whole blood

Artificial form of erythropoietin. Boost RBC production. Before certain surgical procedures, anemia related to cancer, chronic renal failure

Close tissue matches necessary. Treatment of some cancers, severe immunodeficiency, severe blood cell diseases

Aids in the clotting process

Reduced oxygen transport due to low hemoglobin or RBCs

Less energy production, Compensation mechanisms (Tachycardia and vasoconstriction=Increased HR and BP), General signs of anemia (fatigue, pallor, dyspnea/shortness of breath), Decreased regeneration of epithelial cells, Angina and Congestive Heart Failure

Low iron from blood loss, poor intake, malabsorption, liver disease, which impairs hemoglobin synthesis.

Microcytic (small) hypochromic (reduced hemoglobin content) erythrocytes

Cold intolerance, irritability, fatigue, pallor, stomatitis/glossitis (inflammation of the mouth mucous membranes and tongue), tachycardia, syncope (fainting)

Iron replacement and treatment of underlying cause

Lack of intrinsic factor prevents vitamin B12 absorption possibly due to genetic factors and often accompanied by chronic gastritis

Large immature megaloblastic erythrocytes that carry less hemoglobin and have a shorter life span

Red enlarged sore smooth tongue, Paresthesia (tingling due to nerve damage), digestive discomfort (nausea and diarrhea)

Microscopic examination (erythrocytes), Bone marrow examination (hyperactive), Low serum B12, hypochlorhydria/achlorhydria (low levels of stomach acid), gastric atrophy (stomach cells atrophy)

Vitamin B12 replacement injections

Bone marrow failure causing pancytopenia (low levels of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.) Normal appearing RBCs.

Often idiopathic but could be due to Myelotoxins (Radiation, chemicals, drugs), Viruses, Genetic disorders (Myelodysplastic syndrome and Fanconi's anemia)

Removal of any bone marrow suppressants and supportive care bone marrow transplant

Excessive destruction of red blood cells

Immune reactions, changes in blood chemistry, infections, toxins, incompatible transfusion, genetic defects

Genetic condition (Autosomal, incomplete dominance, homozygous recessive) Inherited abnormal hemoglobin HbS (Amino acid, Valine, is replacing glutamic acid on the Beta chain)

Low oxygen causes RBC sickling and vessel obstruction because they are too large to pass through microcirculation.

Infarctions (obstruction of blood flow), Hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice, gallstones (high rate of hemolysis)

Vascular occlusion/infarctions (lungs: acute chest syndrome and smaller blood vessels: Hand-foot syndrome), necrosis, ischemia, severe pain, Hyperbilirubinemia (Jaundice), splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), Congestive heart failure

Hemoglobin electrophoresis, Blood test (abnormal RBC morphology), Prenatal DNA analysis

Hydroxyurea, folic acid, immunizations, bone marrow transplant

Genetic defect (Autosomal dominant inheritance) reducing alpha or beta globin chains. Abnormal globin damages RBCs causing hemolysis (lower RBC numbers) and anemia

Pallor, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, increased hemolysis, impaired growth, hyperactivity in the bone marrow, and heart failure.

Microcytic (small) hypochromic (reduced hemoglobin content) RBCs, increased erythropoietin, iron overload

Blood transfusions, iron chelation (removes excess iron), bone marrow transplant

Neoplastic bone marrow disorder causing excessive RBC production with low erythropoietin

Increased RBC production from chronic hypoxia with high erythropoietin

Thick sluggish blood, increased BP, thrombosis, hypertrophied heart, headaches, dyspnea (shortness of breath), splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, visual disturbances

Tests to determine increased cell counts, increased hemoglobin and hematocrit, hypercellular bone marrow, hyperuricemia (elevated uric acid levels)

Identify specific cause (Primary: low erythropoietin levels or secondary: elevated erythropoietin levels). Drugs or radiation, suppressions of bone marrow activity, periodic phlebotomy (bloodletting)

Bleeding from gums, epistaxis (nosebleed), hemarthrosis (joints), hematuria (feces), Hemoptysis (cough), and Hematemesis (vomit). Petechiae, purpura, anemia, low BP and rapid pulse.

Inherited x-linked recessive trait (manifested in men and carried in woman) where there is a factor VIII deficiency.

Prolonged bleeding, hemarthrosis (bleeding into joints), hematuria (blood in feces)

Normal PT and bleeding time, prolonged PTT, low serum levels of factor VIII

Factor VIII replacement, desmopressin

Small pinpoint hemorrhages under skin

Medium sized bleeding spots in skin

Large bruising from bleeding into tissue

Most common hereditary clotting disorder. Type 1: most common (85% of cases), mildest form, low levels of VWF and factor VIII. Type 2: normal amounts of VWF, but non-functional; 4 subtypes (A: wrong size, B: attaches at the wrong time, M: doesn't attach to platelets, N: cannot attach to factor VIII)

Skin rashes, frequent nosebleeds, easy bruising, bleeding of gums, abnormal menstrual bleeding, longer than normal bleeding

Desmopressin Acetate (mild forms/type 1) and Factor replacement therapy (more serious forms/type 2&3)

Excessive bleeding and clotting and consume clotting factors causing both thrombosis and severe bleeding

Septicemia, childbirth complications, severe burns, trauma

Ischemia, infarctions, excessive bleeding and hemorrhage, organ failure

Treat underlying cause replace clotting factors supportive care

Group of inherited or acquired disorders. Risk of abnormal clots in veins or arteries. Blood testing for clotting factor levels and abnormal antibody levels. Causative condition should be treated.

Malignant proliferation of abnormal white blood cells in bone marrow

Immature nonfunctional leukocytes crowd out normal blood cell production

Rapid onset many immature blast cells severe symptoms common in children

Slow onset more mature cells milder symptoms common in older adults

Frequent infections, anemia, bleeding, bone pain, enlarged spleen liver lymph nodes

Opportunistic infections, sepsis, congestive heart failure, hemorrhage, liver and renal failure, CNS depression and coma

Blood smear abnormal leukocytes bone marrow biopsy confirmation

Chemotherapy, biological therapy, stem cell transplant

General term for arterial thickening loss of elasticity, lumen narrowing, and increased BP

Plaque formation of lipids calcium and clots in large arteries. Related to diet, exercise, and stress

Transports cholesterol to tissues promotes plaque formation

Removes cholesterol from tissues and carries it to liver where it is catabolized and excreted

Age, sex, genetic factors

Smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, hypertension

Weight loss, exercise, diet, reduce Na+ intake, control hypertension, stop smoking, antilipidemic drugs (lowers LDL levels), surgical intervention

Atherosclerosis in arteries outside the heart causing reduced blood flow

Intermittent claudication (leg pain) during exercise due to ischemia

Weak pulses, numbness, pale, or cyanotic skin, dry, hairless skin

Smoking cessation, exercise, control diabetes, reduce cholesterol, anticoagulants

Localized dilation and weakening of arterial wall

Saccular (bulging wall on the side), fusiform (Circumferential dilation along a section of artery), and dissecting (develops when there is a tear in the intima of the wall and blood continues to dissect or separate tissues)

Atherosclerosis, trauma, syphilis, congenital (present from birth) defects

Murmurs may be heard on auscultation, pulse felt on palpation of abdomen, frequently asymptomatic until it ruptures

Ultrasound, CT, MRI, radiography

Blood pressure control, surgical repair, avoid strain

Dilated tortuous superficial veins from valve weakness and venous pressure

Elevation compression stockings avoid prolonged standing

Thrombus formation in inflamed vein (IV site)

Thrombus formation without prior inflammation loosely attached

Often unnoticed, Aching, burning, tenderness, fever, malaise, leukocytosis (high WBC count)

Pulmonary embolism

Anticoagulants, exercise, leg elevation, surgery if needed