Phys 76 Flashcards

The pituitary gland is also called the:
A. Thalamus
B. Hypophysis
C. Pineal body
D. Hypothalamus

The pituitary gland lies in the:
A. Foramen magnum
B. Sella turcica
C. Cribriform plate
D. Jugular foramen

The structure connecting pituitary to hypothalamus is the:
A. Infundibulum stalk
B. Corpus callosum
C. Pineal stalk
D. Optic chiasm

The avascular zone between anterior and posterior pituitary is the:
A. Pars distalis
B. Median eminence
C. Pars intermedia
D. Zona reticularis

The embryologic origin of the anterior pituitary is:
A. Neural tube floor
B. Rathke’s pouch
C. Neural crest
D. Foregut endoderm

The embryologic origin of the posterior pituitary is:
A. Rathke’s pouch
B. Surface ectoderm
C. Neural tissue outgrowth
D. Foregut endoderm

Which hormone promotes whole-body growth via protein formation, cell multiplication, differentiation?
A. Thyroxine
B. Growth hormone
C. Prolactin
D. ACTH

A patient has low cortisol output from adrenal cortex with impaired macronutrient metabolism control. Which pituitary hormone is deficient?
A. ACTH
B. TSH
C. Prolactin
D. Oxytocin

A patient has low T3/T4 and slowed intracellular reactions due to lack of pituitary stimulation. Which hormone is deficient?
A. LH
B. FSH
C. TSH
D. ADH

A postpartum patient has poor mammary development and low milk production. Which hormone is deficient?
A. Oxytocin
B. Prolactin
C. ADH
D. Growth hormone

A patient has infertility with impaired ovarian/testicular growth and reproductive activity. Which hormones are deficient?
A. TSH and ACTH
B. ADH and oxytocin
C. GH and prolactin
D. FSH and LH

A patient has polyuria with inability to concentrate body fluids due to loss of pituitary control of water excretion. Which hormone is deficient?
A. Prolactin
B. ADH
C. LH
D. ACTH

During lactation, milk production is normal but milk ejection is impaired; uterine contractions at term are weak. Which hormone is deficient?
A. ADH
B. Oxytocin
C. Prolactin
D. TSH

Which is an anterior pituitary cell type?
A. Chromaffin cell
B. Lactotrope
C. Follicular cell
D. Juxtaglomerular cell

Somatotropes primarily produce:
A. ACTH
B. PRL
C. hGH
D. TSH

Corticotropes primarily produce:
A. ACTH
B. TSH
C. LH
D. ADH

Thyrotropes primarily produce:
A. FSH
B. Oxytocin
C. PRL
D. TSH

Gonadotropes primarily produce:
A. TSH and GH
B. LH and FSH
C. ACTH and PRL
D. ADH and oxytocin

Lactotropes primarily produce:
A. Prolactin
B. Oxytocin
C. ADH
D. ACTH

Approximately 30–40% of anterior pituitary cells are:
A. Corticotropes
B. Thyrotropes
C. Somatotropes
D. Lactotropes

Approximately 20% of anterior pituitary cells are:
A. Gonadotropes
B. Lactotropes
C. Somatotropes
D. Corticotropes

Somatotropes stain strongly with acid dyes and are called:
A. Basophils
B. Chromophobes
C. Acidophils
D. Reticulocytes

Which set lists hormones of the anterior pituitary as given?
A. GH, ACTH, TSH, PRL
B. ADH, oxytocin, cortisol, T3
C. Calcitonin, PTH, insulin, GH
D. Renin, ANP, EPO, cortisol

The pituitary stalk is also called the:
A. Corpus luteum stalk
B. Hypophysial stalk
C. Adrenal stalk
D. Thyroglossal stalk

Pituitary tumors that secrete large amounts of growth hormone are called:
A. Basophilic tumors
B. Chromophobic tumors
C. Acidophilic tumors
D. Gonadotrophic tumors

The cell bodies that secrete posterior pituitary hormones are located in the:
A. Arcuate nucleus
B. Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
C. Ventromedial nucleus
D. Mammillary bodies

The posterior pituitary hormone–secreting neurons are best described as:
A. Parvocellular neurons
B. Pyramidal neurons
C. Bipolar neurons
D. Magnocellular neurons

Posterior pituitary secretion is controlled by nerve signals that originate in the:
A. Hypothalamus
B. Pituitary stalk
C. Anterior pituitary
D. Posterior pituitary

Secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by:
A. Thyroid hormones only
B. Adrenal steroids only
C. Hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones
D. Posterior pituitary nerve endings

Hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary mainly via:
A. Lymphatics
B. Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels
C. CSF flow
D. Jugular venous drainage

The lowermost portion of the hypothalamus is the:
A. Medial eminence
B. Pineal recess
C. Tectum
D. Area postrema

The extension of hypothalamic tissue into the pituitary stalk is the:
A. Pars intermedia
B. Tuber cinereum
C. Rathke’s pouch
D. Infundibular cleft

Growth hormone consists of:
A. 84 amino acids
B. 100 amino acids
C. 191 amino acids
D. 200 amino acids

Which is a major metabolic effect of growth hormone?
A. Decreased protein synthesis
B. Increased protein synthesis
C. Decreased fatty acid mobilization
D. Increased glucose utilization

Which is a major metabolic effect of growth hormone?
A. Increased FFA mobilization and use
B. Decreased FFA levels in blood
C. Increased triglyceride storage only
D. Decreased fat use for energy

Which is a major metabolic effect of growth hormone?
A. Increased glucose utilization
B. Decreased glucose utilization
C. No change in glucose uptake
D. Increased glycolysis in all tissues

In the long run, the most important GH function is:
A. Acute glucose lowering
B. Promotion of protein synthesis and growth
C. Rapid fat mobilization only
D. Immediate ketone formation

GH-induced fat mobilization requires several ___, whereas protein synthesis can begin in minutes:
A. Seconds
B. Minutes
C. Hours
D. Days

GH decreases carbohydrate utilization by:
A. Increasing tissue glucose uptake
B. Decreasing tissue glucose uptake
C. Decreasing hepatic glucose production
D. Decreasing insulin secretion

GH decreases carbohydrate utilization by:
A. Increasing hepatic glucose production
B. Decreasing hepatic glucose production
C. Increasing muscle glucose uptake
D. Increasing insulin sensitivity

GH decreases carbohydrate utilization by:
A. Decreasing insulin secretion
B. No change in insulin secretion
C. Increasing insulin secretion
D. Eliminating insulin release

GH’s metabolic effects are termed ___, and excess GH can mimic type 2 diabetes disturbances:
A. Thyrogenic
B. Diabetogenic
C. Ketogenic
D. Lipogenic

GH fails to cause growth in animals if they:
A. Lack a thyroid gland
B. Lack a pancreas
C. Lack adrenal cortex
D. Lack posterior pituitary

GH fails to cause growth in animals if:
A. Protein is excluded
B. Carbohydrates are excluded
C. Fat is excluded
D. Vitamins are excluded

Growth hormone strongly stimulates:
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteoblasts
C. Chondroclasts
D. Fibroclasts

Much of GH’s effect is mediated through intermediates called:
A. Calmodulins
B. Somatomedins
C. Corticotropins
D. Catecholamines

GH causes the liver to form several small proteins called:
A. Somatomedins
B. Albumins
C. Globulins
D. Kinins

Somatomedins are also called:
A. Thyroxine-binding globulins
B. Angiotensin-related factors
C. Insulin-like growth factors
D. Natriuretic peptides

The most important somatomedin is:
A. Somatomedin A (IGF-1)
B. Somatomedin B (IGF-1)
C. Somatomedin C (IGF-1)
D. Somatomedin D (IGF-1)

GH levels are highest with:
A. Exercise and midnight sleep
B. Fasting and late afternoon
C. Meals and early evening
D. Pain and sunrise

Growth hormone binds to plasma proteins:
A. Strongly
B. Weakly
C. Covalently
D. Irreversibly

Somatomedin C (IGF-1) binds to a carrier protein in blood:
A. Weakly
B. Not at all
C. Strongly
D. Transiently

A marathon runner has a physiologic surge in growth hormone (GH). Which factor most directly stimulates GH secretion?
A. Hyperglycemia
B. High plasma fatty acids
C. Exercise
D. Hyperinsulinemia

A fasting patient has rising GH partly due to a stomach-derived signal. Which factor stimulates GH secretion?
A. Ghrelin
B. Secretin
C. Leptin
D. Gastrin

A sleep-lab study measures GH pulses during deep sleep. GH rises most during the first:
A. Four hours of deep sleep
B. Six hours of deep sleep
C. One hour of deep sleep
D. Two hours of deep sleep

A healthy adult’s baseline GH level is typically around:
A. 6 ng/mL
B. 1.6–3 ng/mL
C. 20–100 ng/mL
D. 0.1–0.5 ng/mL

A healthy child’s baseline GH level is typically around:
A. 6 ng/mL
B. 1.6–3 ng/mL
C. 20–100 ng/mL
D. 0.1–0.5 ng/mL

A child with edema and severe protein deficiency has markedly altered endocrine patterns. This malnutrition syndrome is:
A. Marasmus
B. Pellagra
C. Kwashiorkor
D. Scurvy

The hypothalamic nucleus that drives GHRH secretion is the:
A. Supraoptic nucleus
B. Ventromedial nucleus
C. Paraventricular nucleus
D. Arcuate nucleus

“Panhypopituitarism” refers to:
A. Excess posterior pituitary secretion
B. Isolated GH deficiency
C. Excess anterior pituitary secretion
D. Decreased all anterior pituitary hormones

An adult develops panhypopituitarism from a suprasellar mass compressing pituitary structures. Most likely cause listed is:
A. Pituitary adenoma, lactotrope
B. Sheehan infarction
C. Craniopharyngioma
D. Thyroid carcinoma metastasis

An adult with panhypopituitarism has a pituitary mass composed of chromophobe cells. Diagnosis best matches:
A. Acidophilic tumor
B. Chromophobe tumor
C. Craniopharyngioma
D. Pheochromocytoma

An adult suddenly loses multiple anterior pituitary hormones after vascular injury. A listed mechanism is:
A. Pituitary vessel thrombosis
B. Ventromedial nucleus lesion
C. Neurophysin deficiency
D. Tuber cinereum overgrowth

A patient with panhypopituitarism develops fatigue, cold intolerance, and low T3/T4 from loss of pituitary drive. This effect is:
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Hyperaldosteronism
C. Hypercortisolism
D. Hypothyroidism

A patient with panhypopituitarism has poor stress tolerance due to reduced adrenal glucocorticoid output. This is best described as:
A. Increased catecholamine synthesis
B. Depressed glucocorticoid production
C. Increased thyroid hormone secretion
D. Elevated mineralocorticoid output

A patient with panhypopituitarism has infertility due to low LH/FSH output. This effect is:
A. Increased prolactin secretion
B. Increased gonadotropin secretion
C. Increased adrenal androgens
D. Suppressed gonadotropin secretion

Panhypopituitary dwarfism characteristically:
A. Does not enter puberty
B. Enters puberty early
C. Has normal gonadotropins
D. Has excess gonadotropins

Recombinant human growth hormone can be synthesized using:
A. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C. Escherichia coli
D. Human fibroblast culture

A patient with gigantism develops a metabolic complication classically linked to excess GH. Most likely is:
A. Severe hypoglycemia
B. Addison disease
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus

A patient with acromegaly most characteristically shows:
A. Thick long bones, soft growth
B. Short long bones only
C. Pure fat loss without growth
D. Only decreased bone density

In acromegaly, most bony enlargement occurs in the:
A. Vertebral bodies and ribs
B. Skull base foramina
C. Hands, feet, membranous bones
D. Femoral shafts only

In patients who lose the ability to secrete GH, some aging features will:
A. Reverse rapidly
B. Accelerate
C. Remain unchanged
D. Stop entirely

GH-deficiency–related “accelerated aging” is mainly due to:
A. Increased protein deposition only
B. Decreased fat deposition only
C. Decreased protein, increased fat
D. Increased protein, decreased fat

The posterior pituitary gland is mostly composed of:
A. Chromaffin cells
B. Somatotropes
C. Lactotropes
D. Pituicytes

Pituicytes primarily do NOT:
A. Produce hormones
B. Support nerve terminals
C. Maintain posterior structure
D. Surround axon endings

Pituicytes function mainly as support for many:
A. Secretory vesicles
B. Terminal nerve fibers
C. Parathyroid chief cells
D. Thyroid follicular cells

If the pituitary stalk is cut above the gland but the hypothalamus remains intact, the posterior pituitary will:
A. Stop secreting permanently
B. Secrete only oxytocin
C. Secrete only ADH
D. Still secrete hormones

Carrier proteins that run along posterior pituitary nerve endings are called:
A. Albumins
B. Thyroglobulins
C. Neurophysins
D. Globulins

ADH is formed primarily in the:
A. Paraventricular nuclei
B. Supraoptic nuclei
C. Ventromedial nucleus
D. Arcuate nucleus

Oxytocin is formed primarily in the:
A. Paraventricular nuclei
B. Supraoptic nuclei
C. Ventromedial nucleus
D. Arcuate nucleus

Which physiologic state is a listed stimulus for GH secretion?
A. Postprandial hyperglycemia
B. High plasma fatty acids
C. Starvation
D. Hyperlipidemia

A trauma patient has increased GH secretion as part of the stress response. Which is a listed stimulus?
A. Hypocalcemia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Trauma

A patient’s GH rises during an acute emotional surge. Which is a listed stimulus?
A. Hypoventilation
B. Excitement
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Bradycardia

A patient’s GH rises when plasma substrates signal low energy availability. Which stimulus matches?
A. Hypoglycemia or low fatty acids
B. Hyperglycemia with high fatty acids
C. High insulin with high glucose
D. High cortisol with high glucose

Vasopressin differs from oxytocin at position 3. Which residue is vasopressin’s 3rd amino acid?
A. Isoleucine
B. Leucine
C. Phenylalanine
D. Arginine

Vasopressin differs from oxytocin at position 8 as well. Which residue is vasopressin’s 8th amino acid?
A. Leucine
B. Arginine
C. Phenylalanine
D. Isoleucine

In complete absence of ADH, collecting tubules/ducts become almost ____ to water.
A. Freely permeable
B. Highly permeable
C. Moderately permeable
D. Impermeable

When ECF becomes hypertonic, osmoreceptor cells:
A. Swell and hyperpolarize
B. Shrink and trigger hypothalamus
C. Lyse and stop signaling
D. Depolarize from water influx

The highly vascular structure in the anteroventral wall of the third ventricle is the:
A. Organum vasculosum
B. Pars intermedia
C. Median eminence
D. Tuber cinereum

Hemorrhage with low blood pressure most directly increases:
A. Oxytocin secretion
B. Prolactin secretion
C. ADH secretion
D. TSH secretion

At high concentrations, ADH most potently:
A. Dilates arterioles widely
B. Constricts arterioles bodywide
C. Blocks portal blood flow
D. Inhibits renin release

ADH and oxytocin are both composed of ____ amino acids.
A. Seven
B. Eight
C. Ten
D. Nine

The anterior pituitary is also called the:
A. Adenohypophysis
B. Neurohypophysis
C. Pars nervosa
D. Infundibulum

The posterior pituitary is also called the:
A. Adenohypophysis
B. Pars distalis
C. Neurohypophysis
D. Rathke pouch

All listed hypothalamic hormones are peptides except:
A. TRH
B. GHRH
C. Somatostatin
D. Dopamine

Growth hormone’s net effect on protein is:
A. Decreases protein deposition
B. No net protein change
C. Increases protein deposition
D. Increases protein catabolism

GH promotes protein deposition partly by:
A. Enhancing amino acid transport
B. Blocking amino acid entry
C. Inhibiting ribosomes
D. Degrading mRNA rapidly

GH increases protein synthesis by increasing:
A. DNA methylation only
B. RNA translation rate
C. Ion-channel opening
D. cGMP production

GH increases protein synthesis by stimulating:
A. GTP hydrolysis
B. Lysosomal activation
C. Protein phosphorylation only
D. Gene transcription

GH promotes net protein gain by:
A. Decreasing protein breakdown
B. Increasing protein breakdown
C. Increasing renal protein loss
D. Blocking peptide secretion

Which finding is NOT a GH protein mechanism?
A. Enhanced amino acid transport
B. Increased RNA translation
C. Increased protein catabolism
D. Increased gene transcription

Posterior pituitary secretion is controlled by nerve signals originating in the:
A. Anterior pituitary
B. Posterior pituitary
C. Median eminence
D. Hypothalamus

Growth hormone’s overall effect on fat metabolism is to:
A. Decrease fatty acid mobilization
B. Decrease fat use for energy
C. Increase fatty acid mobilization/use
D. Increase triglyceride storage

Growth hormone is considered “protein-sparing” mainly because it:
A. Promotes protein deposition/synthesis
B. Increases protein catabolism
C. Inhibits amino acid uptake
D. Blocks RNA translation

A patient given excess GH has elevated free fatty acids. The most direct mechanism is:
A. Decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis
B. Decreased adipose lipolysis
C. Increased muscle glucose uptake
D. Increased fatty acid release adipose

GH enhances conversion of fatty acids into:
A. Lactate
B. Acetyl-CoA
C. Pyruvate
D. Glycogen

Excess GH increases ketogenesis mainly by increasing hepatic production of:
A. Acetoacetic acid
B. Lactic acid
C. Carbonic acid
D. Uric acid

Massive GH-driven fat mobilization can lead to:
A. Hepatitis
B. Cirrhosis
C. Fatty liver
D. Fibrotic liver

Excess GH is described as diabetogenic mainly because it:
A. Causes autoimmune beta-cell loss
B. Increases insulin sensitivity
C. Lowers hepatic glucose output
D. Causes insulin resistance

GH-driven insulin resistance is best explained by:
A. ↑ uptake, ↓ gluconeogenesis
B. ↓ uptake, ↑ gluconeogenesis
C. ↑ uptake, ↑ glycogen storage
D. ↓ uptake, ↓ insulin secretion

Part of GH-related insulin resistance may be due to increased:
A. Free fatty acids
B. Calcium ions
C. Plasma amino acids
D. Thyroxine levels

GH stimulates cartilage/bone growth partly by increasing protein deposition by:
A. Hepatocytes
B. Parietal cells
C. Chondrocytic/osteogenic cells
D. Juxtaglomerular cells

GH promotes bone growth partly by increasing:
A. Osteoblast apoptosis
B. Cartilage matrix breakdown
C. Osteoclast differentiation only
D. Reproduction of growth cells

GH promotes bone deposition partly by:
A. Osteoblasts become chondrocytes
B. Chondrocytes become osteogenic cells
C. Fibroblasts become adipocytes
D. Osteoclasts become osteocytes

Gigantism occurs because GH acts at:
A. Epiphyseal cartilages
B. Skull sutures
C. Vertebral bodies
D. Metaphyseal periosteum

With closed epiphyseal plates, excess GH mainly makes bones:
A. Longer
B. Shorter
C. Thicker
D. Thinner

Small stature here is linked to inability to synthesize:
A. Growth hormone
B. Cortisol
C. Somatomedin C (IGF-1)
D. Thyroxine

GH secretion pattern is best described as:
A. Pulsatile
B. Tonic continuous
C. One-time burst
D. Random chaotic

Starvation stimulates GH especially with severe:
A. Sodium deficiency
B. Water excess
C. Protein deficiency
D. Fat overload

Ghrelin is best described as:
A. Adipocyte hormone after meals
B. Posterior pituitary hormone
C. Thyroid peptide hormone
D. Stomach hormone before meals

More potent acute GH stimulus is:
A. Acute protein deficiency
B. Acute hypoglycemia
C. Acute hyperglycemia
D. Acute high fatty acids

More potent chronic GH stimulus is:
A. Chronic protein deficiency
B. Chronic hyperglycemia
C. Chronic high fatty acids
D. Chronic high insulin

GHRH is best described as a:
A. 9-AA neuropeptide
B. Catecholamine transmitter
C. 191-AA pituitary protein
D. 44-AA polypeptide

GHRH secretion is controlled by the hypothalamic:
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Ventromedial nucleus
C. Supraoptic nucleus
D. Arcuate nucleus

GHRH receptor signaling in somatotrophs activates:
A. Adenylyl cyclase
B. Phospholipase C
C. Guanylyl cyclase
D. Tyrosine kinase

Short-term GHRH signaling increases GH release mainly by:
A. Decreased Ca2+ entry
B. Decreased cAMP
C. Increased Ca2+ entry and fusion
D. Blocked vesicle formation

Long-term GHRH signaling increases GH synthesis mainly by:
A. Decreased gene transcription
B. Increased renal clearance
C. Decreased mRNA production
D. Increased nuclear gene transcription

Major long-term controller of GH secretion is:
A. Daily exercise duration
B. Tissue nutrition state
C. Pain perception state
D. Thyroid status only

A major effect of panhypopituitarism is:
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Hyperaldosteronism
C. Hyperprolactinemia
D. Hypothyroidism

A major effect of panhypopituitarism is decreased:
A. Catecholamines from adrenal
B. Glucocorticoids from adrenal
C. Thyroxine-binding globulin
D. Gastrin from stomach

A major effect of panhypopituitarism is decreased:
A. Gonadotropic hormone secretion
B. Calcitonin secretion
C. Erythropoietin secretion
D. ADH secretion

Treatment listed for panhypopituitarism includes:
A. Leptin and insulin
B. ADH and oxytocin
C. ACTH and thyroid hormone
D. Gastrin and secretin

An adult with proportional dwarfism from generalized panhypopituitarism during childhood asks about fertility. Most accurate answer?
A. Yes, normal fertility expected
B. Yes, after GH therapy
C. No, usually cannot reproduce
D. No, due to high prolactin

The fertility limitation in generalized panhypopituitary dwarfism is mainly from:
A. Insufficient gonadotropins
B. Excess gonadotropins
C. Excess thyroid hormone
D. Insulin deficiency

Which dwarfism variant commonly does allow sexual maturation?
A. Isolated GH insufficiency
B. Isolated ACTH insufficiency
C. Isolated TSH insufficiency
D. Isolated ADH insufficiency

Gigantism most commonly results from excessively active:
A. Thyrotropes
B. Corticotropes
C. Lactotropes
D. Somatotrophs

In gigantism, pancreatic β cells are prone to:
A. Hypertrophy only
B. Degeneration
C. Neoplasia
D. Hyperplasia only

Later in life, many gigantism patients develop panhypopituitarism because:
A. Hypothalamus stops signaling
B. Tumor grows, destroys gland
C. Thyroid feedback shuts pituitary
D. Portal vessels dilate permanently

A key treatment principle for gigantism is:
A. Dopamine agonist therapy only
B. Late surgery after adulthood
C. Early surgery/irradiation pituitary
D. Thyroidectomy first-line

Acromegaly is most consistent with:
A. Acidophilic tumor after adolescence
B. Chromophobe tumor in infancy
C. Basophilic tumor before puberty
D. Craniopharyngioma in adults

In acromegaly, long bones primarily:
A. Grow longer
B. Become thinner
C. Stop remodeling entirely
D. Become thicker

In acromegaly, enlargement is marked in hands/feet and:
A. Long-bone epiphyses
B. Membranous bones
C. Bone marrow only
D. Costal cartilages only

Which structure is a membranous bone site listed for acromegaly enlargement?
A. Femur shaft
B. Supraorbital ridge
C. Tibial plateau
D. Humeral head

A patient with acromegaly has protruding lower jaw. This reflects enlargement of the:
A. Mandible
B. Maxilla
C. Clavicle
D. Scapula

Vertebral changes in acromegaly can cause:
A. Lordosis only
B. Scoliosis only
C. Kyphosis
D. No posture changes

Which soft-tissue organ enlargement is consistent with acromegaly?
A. Pancreas only
B. Tongue enlargement
C. Spleen shrinkage
D. Thymus loss

GH is not used to prevent aging mainly because adverse effects include:
A. Insulin resistance and edema
B. Severe anemia and rash
C. Hyperthyroidism and fever
D. Bronchospasm and cough

GH therapy adverse effects listed include:
A. Carpal tunnel syndrome
B. Nephrolithiasis
C. Cataracts
D. Hearing loss

ADH and oxytocin are:
A. 191-AA proteins
B. 44-AA peptides
C. 9-AA polypeptides
D. 3-AA peptides

ADH and oxytocin are identical except that in ADH:
A. Ile and Leu replace Phe, Arg
B. Phe and Arg replace Ile, Leu
C. Phe and Leu replace Ile, Arg
D. Ile and Arg replace Phe, Leu

Without ADH, collecting ducts become almost:
A. Impermeable to water
B. More permeable to water
C. Permeable to urea only
D. Permeable to glucose only

ADH’s general effect is to:
A. Increase water excretion
B. Decrease water excretion
C. Increase sodium excretion only
D. Decrease potassium secretion only

ADH increases collecting duct permeability mainly by:
A. Closing aquaporin pores
B. Removing membrane vesicles
C. Forming water-permeable pores
D. Blocking cAMP production

When ADH binds its membrane receptor, the key second messenger is:
A. IP3
B. cAMP
C. cGMP
D. DAG

In kidney tubule cells, ADH increases water permeability by causing vesicles to:
A. Leave membrane into cytosol
B. Insert into cell membrane
C. Fuse with nucleus
D. Bind mitochondria

ADH effects occur rapidly in about:
A. 30–60 minutes
B. 1–2 hours
C. 5–10 minutes
D. 1–2 days

In absence of ADH, reversal of its effects occurs in:
A. 5–10 minutes
B. 30–60 minutes
C. 6–12 hours
D. 1–2 days

Increased ECF osmolarity causes ADH secretion because osmoreceptor cells:
A. Swell from water influx
B. Shrink from water efflux
C. Lyse in hypertonic ECF
D. Stop firing entirely

Decreased ECF osmolarity inhibits ADH because osmoreceptor cells:
A. Shrink from water efflux
B. Swell from water influx
C. Lose membrane receptors
D. Increase cAMP synthesis

ECF osmolarity is detected mainly by:
A. Kidney macula densa
B. Hepatic stellate cells
C. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
D. Pancreatic beta cells

High ADH can raise blood pressure by:
A. Vasodilating arterioles
B. Constricting arterioles
C. Increasing venous compliance
D. Blocking sympathetic tone

Oxytocin’s role in pregnancy is mainly to:
A. Inhibit uterine contractions
B. Cause uterine contraction
C. Increase renal water reabsorption
D. Increase cortisol secretion

After pregnancy, oxytocin mainly aids:
A. Milk production in alveoli
B. Milk ejection from breast
C. Follicle maturation in ovary
D. Progesterone secretion

Milk ejection reflex pathway is best:
A. Suckling→sensory→hypothalamus→oxytocin
B. Suckling→vagus→stomach→ghrelin
C. Suckling→pituitary→TRH release
D. Suckling→kidney→renin release