front 1 The pituitary gland is also called the: | back 1 Hypophysis |
front 2 The pituitary gland lies in the: | back 2 B. Sella turcica |
front 3 The structure connecting pituitary to hypothalamus is the: | back 3 A. Infundibulum stalk |
front 4 The avascular zone between anterior and posterior pituitary is
the: | back 4 C. Pars intermedia |
front 5 The embryologic origin of the anterior pituitary is: | back 5 B. Rathke’s pouch |
front 6 The embryologic origin of the posterior pituitary is: | back 6 C. Neural tissue outgrowth |
front 7 Which hormone promotes whole-body growth via protein formation, cell
multiplication, differentiation? | back 7 B. Growth hormone |
front 8 A patient has low cortisol output from adrenal cortex with impaired
macronutrient metabolism control. Which pituitary hormone is
deficient? | back 8 A. ACTH |
front 9 A patient has low T3/T4 and slowed intracellular reactions due to
lack of pituitary stimulation. Which hormone is deficient? | back 9 C. TSH |
front 10 A postpartum patient has poor mammary development and low milk
production. Which hormone is deficient? | back 10 B. Prolactin |
front 11 A patient has infertility with impaired ovarian/testicular growth and
reproductive activity. Which hormones are deficient? | back 11 D. FSH and LH |
front 12 A patient has polyuria with inability to concentrate body fluids due
to loss of pituitary control of water excretion. Which hormone is
deficient? | back 12 B. ADH |
front 13 During lactation, milk production is normal but milk ejection is
impaired; uterine contractions at term are weak. Which hormone is
deficient? | back 13 B. Oxytocin |
front 14 Which is an anterior pituitary cell type? | back 14 B. Lactotrope |
front 15 Somatotropes primarily produce: | back 15 C. hGH |
front 16 Corticotropes primarily produce: | back 16 A. ACTH |
front 17 Thyrotropes primarily produce: | back 17 D. TSH |
front 18 Gonadotropes primarily produce: | back 18 B. LH and FSH |
front 19 Lactotropes primarily produce: | back 19 A. Prolactin |
front 20 Approximately 30–40% of anterior pituitary cells are: | back 20 C. Somatotropes |
front 21 Approximately 20% of anterior pituitary cells are: | back 21 D. Corticotropes |
front 22 Somatotropes stain strongly with acid dyes and are called: | back 22 C. Acidophils |
front 23 Which set lists hormones of the anterior pituitary as given? | back 23 A. GH, ACTH, TSH, PRL |
front 24 The pituitary stalk is also called the: | back 24 B. Hypophysial stalk |
front 25 Pituitary tumors that secrete large amounts of growth hormone are
called: | back 25 C. Acidophilic tumors |
front 26 The cell bodies that secrete posterior pituitary hormones are located
in the: | back 26 B. Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
front 27 The posterior pituitary hormone–secreting neurons are best described
as: | back 27 D. Magnocellular neurons |
front 28 Posterior pituitary secretion is controlled by nerve signals that
originate in the: | back 28 A. Hypothalamus |
front 29 Secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by: | back 29 C. Hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones |
front 30 Hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary mainly via: | back 30 B. Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels |
front 31 The lowermost portion of the hypothalamus is the: | back 31 A. Medial eminence |
front 32 The extension of hypothalamic tissue into the pituitary stalk is
the: | back 32 B. Tuber cinereum |
front 33 Growth hormone consists of: | back 33 C. 191 amino acids |
front 34 Which is a major metabolic effect of growth hormone? | back 34 B. Increased protein synthesis |
front 35 Which is a major metabolic effect of growth hormone? | back 35 A. Increased FFA mobilization and use |
front 36 Which is a major metabolic effect of growth hormone? | back 36 B. Decreased glucose utilization |
front 37 In the long run, the most important GH function is: | back 37 B. Promotion of protein synthesis and growth |
front 38 GH-induced fat mobilization requires several ___, whereas protein
synthesis can begin in minutes: | back 38 C. Hours |
front 39 GH decreases carbohydrate utilization by: | back 39 B. Decreasing tissue glucose uptake |
front 40 GH decreases carbohydrate utilization by: | back 40 A. Increasing hepatic glucose production |
front 41 GH decreases carbohydrate utilization by: | back 41 C. Increasing insulin secretion |
front 42 GH’s metabolic effects are termed ___, and excess GH can mimic type 2
diabetes disturbances: | back 42 B. Diabetogenic |
front 43 GH fails to cause growth in animals if they: | back 43 B. Lack a pancreas |
front 44 GH fails to cause growth in animals if: | back 44 B. Carbohydrates are excluded |
front 45 Growth hormone strongly stimulates: | back 45 B. Osteoblasts |
front 46 Much of GH’s effect is mediated through intermediates called: | back 46 B. Somatomedins |
front 47 GH causes the liver to form several small proteins called: | back 47 A. Somatomedins |
front 48 Somatomedins are also called: | back 48 C. Insulin-like growth factors |
front 49 The most important somatomedin is: | back 49 C. Somatomedin C (IGF-1) |
front 50 GH levels are highest with: | back 50 A. Exercise and midnight sleep |
front 51 Growth hormone binds to plasma proteins: | back 51 B. Weakly |
front 52 Somatomedin C (IGF-1) binds to a carrier protein in blood: | back 52 C. Strongly |
front 53 A marathon runner has a physiologic surge in growth hormone (GH).
Which factor most directly stimulates GH secretion? | back 53 C. Exercise |
front 54 A fasting patient has rising GH partly due to a stomach-derived
signal. Which factor stimulates GH secretion? | back 54 A. Ghrelin |
front 55 A sleep-lab study measures GH pulses during deep sleep. GH rises most
during the first: | back 55 D. Two hours of deep sleep |
front 56 A healthy adult’s baseline GH level is typically around: | back 56 B. 1.6–3 ng/mL |
front 57 A healthy child’s baseline GH level is typically around: | back 57 A. 6 ng/mL |
front 58 A child with edema and severe protein deficiency has markedly altered
endocrine patterns. This malnutrition syndrome is: | back 58 C. Kwashiorkor |
front 59 The hypothalamic nucleus that drives GHRH secretion is the: | back 59 D. Arcuate nucleus |
front 60 “Panhypopituitarism” refers to: | back 60 D. Decreased all anterior pituitary hormones |
front 61 An adult develops panhypopituitarism from a suprasellar mass
compressing pituitary structures. Most likely cause listed is: | back 61 C. Craniopharyngioma |
front 62 An adult with panhypopituitarism has a pituitary mass composed of
chromophobe cells. Diagnosis best matches: | back 62 B. Chromophobe tumor |
front 63 An adult suddenly loses multiple anterior pituitary hormones after
vascular injury. A listed mechanism is: | back 63 A. Pituitary vessel thrombosis |
front 64 A patient with panhypopituitarism develops fatigue, cold intolerance,
and low T3/T4 from loss of pituitary drive. This effect is: | back 64 D. Hypothyroidism |
front 65 A patient with panhypopituitarism has poor stress tolerance due to
reduced adrenal glucocorticoid output. This is best described
as: | back 65 B. Depressed glucocorticoid production |
front 66 A patient with panhypopituitarism has infertility due to low LH/FSH
output. This effect is: | back 66 D. Suppressed gonadotropin secretion |
front 67 Panhypopituitary dwarfism characteristically: | back 67 A. Does not enter puberty |
front 68 Recombinant human growth hormone can be synthesized using: | back 68 C. Escherichia coli |
front 69 A patient with gigantism develops a metabolic complication
classically linked to excess GH. Most likely is: | back 69 D. Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus |
front 70 A patient with acromegaly most characteristically shows: | back 70 A. Thick long bones, soft growth |
front 71 In acromegaly, most bony enlargement occurs in the: | back 71 C. Hands, feet, membranous bones |
front 72 In patients who lose the ability to secrete GH, some aging features
will: | back 72 B. Accelerate |
front 73 GH-deficiency–related “accelerated aging” is mainly due to: | back 73 C. Decreased protein, increased fat |
front 74 The posterior pituitary gland is mostly composed of: | back 74 D. Pituicytes |
front 75 Pituicytes primarily do NOT: | back 75 A. Produce hormones |
front 76 Pituicytes function mainly as support for many: | back 76 B. Terminal nerve fibers |
front 77 If the pituitary stalk is cut above the gland but the hypothalamus
remains intact, the posterior pituitary will: | back 77 D. Still secrete hormones |
front 78 Carrier proteins that run along posterior pituitary nerve endings are
called: | back 78 C. Neurophysins |
front 79 ADH is formed primarily in the: | back 79 B. Supraoptic nuclei |
front 80 Oxytocin is formed primarily in the: | back 80 A. Paraventricular nuclei |
front 81 Which physiologic state is a listed stimulus for GH
secretion? | back 81 C. Starvation |
front 82 A trauma patient has increased GH secretion as part of the stress
response. Which is a listed stimulus? | back 82 D. Trauma |
front 83 A patient’s GH rises during an acute emotional surge. Which is a
listed stimulus? | back 83 B. Excitement |
front 84 A patient’s GH rises when plasma substrates signal low energy
availability. Which stimulus matches? | back 84 A. Hypoglycemia or low fatty acids |
front 85 Vasopressin differs from oxytocin at position 3. Which residue is
vasopressin’s 3rd amino acid? | back 85 C. Phenylalanine |
front 86 Vasopressin differs from oxytocin at position 8 as well. Which
residue is vasopressin’s 8th amino acid? | back 86 B. Arginine |
front 87 In complete absence of ADH, collecting tubules/ducts become almost
____ to water. | back 87 D. Impermeable |
front 88 When ECF becomes hypertonic, osmoreceptor cells: | back 88 B. Shrink and trigger hypothalamus |
front 89 The highly vascular structure in the anteroventral wall of the third
ventricle is the: | back 89 A. Organum vasculosum |
front 90 Hemorrhage with low blood pressure most directly increases: | back 90 C. ADH secretion |
front 91 At high concentrations, ADH most potently: | back 91 B. Constricts arterioles bodywide |
front 92 ADH and oxytocin are both composed of ____ amino acids. | back 92 D. Nine |
front 93 The anterior pituitary is also called the: | back 93 A. Adenohypophysis |
front 94 The posterior pituitary is also called the: | back 94 C. Neurohypophysis |
front 95 All listed hypothalamic hormones are peptides except: | back 95 D. Dopamine |
front 96 Growth hormone’s net effect on protein is: | back 96 C. Increases protein deposition |
front 97 GH promotes protein deposition partly by: | back 97 A. Enhancing amino acid transport |
front 98 GH increases protein synthesis by increasing: | back 98 B. RNA translation rate |
front 99 GH increases protein synthesis by stimulating: | back 99 D. Gene transcription |
front 100 GH promotes net protein gain by: | back 100 A. Decreasing protein breakdown |
front 101 Which finding is NOT a GH protein mechanism? | back 101 C. Increased protein catabolism |
front 102 Posterior pituitary secretion is controlled by nerve signals
originating in the: | back 102 D. Hypothalamus |
front 103 Growth hormone’s overall effect on fat metabolism is to: | back 103 C. Increase fatty acid mobilization/use |
front 104 Growth hormone is considered “protein-sparing” mainly because
it: | back 104 A. Promotes protein deposition/synthesis |
front 105 A patient given excess GH has elevated free fatty acids. The most
direct mechanism is: | back 105 D. Increased fatty acid release adipose |
front 106 GH enhances conversion of fatty acids into: | back 106 B. Acetyl-CoA |
front 107 Excess GH increases ketogenesis mainly by increasing hepatic
production of: | back 107 A. Acetoacetic acid |
front 108 Massive GH-driven fat mobilization can lead to: | back 108 C. Fatty liver |
front 109 Excess GH is described as diabetogenic mainly because it: | back 109 D. Causes insulin resistance |
front 110 GH-driven insulin resistance is best explained by: | back 110 B. ↓ uptake, ↑ gluconeogenesis |
front 111 Part of GH-related insulin resistance may be due to
increased: | back 111 A. Free fatty acids |
front 112 GH stimulates cartilage/bone growth partly by increasing protein
deposition by: | back 112 C. Chondrocytic/osteogenic cells |
front 113 GH promotes bone growth partly by increasing: | back 113 D. Reproduction of growth cells |
front 114 GH promotes bone deposition partly by: | back 114 B. Chondrocytes become osteogenic cells |
front 115 Gigantism occurs because GH acts at: | back 115 A. Epiphyseal cartilages |
front 116 With closed epiphyseal plates, excess GH mainly makes bones: | back 116 C. Thicker |
front 117 Small stature here is linked to inability to synthesize: | back 117 C. Somatomedin C (IGF-1) |
front 118 GH secretion pattern is best described as: | back 118 A. Pulsatile |
front 119 Starvation stimulates GH especially with severe: | back 119 C. Protein deficiency |
front 120 Ghrelin is best described as: | back 120 D. Stomach hormone before meals |
front 121 More potent acute GH stimulus is: | back 121 B. Acute hypoglycemia |
front 122 More potent chronic GH stimulus is: | back 122 A. Chronic protein deficiency |
front 123 GHRH is best described as a: | back 123 D. 44-AA polypeptide |
front 124 GHRH secretion is controlled by the hypothalamic: | back 124 A. Paraventricular nucleus |
front 125 GHRH receptor signaling in somatotrophs activates: | back 125 A. Adenylyl cyclase |
front 126 Short-term GHRH signaling increases GH release mainly by: | back 126 C. Increased Ca2+ entry and fusion |
front 127 Long-term GHRH signaling increases GH synthesis mainly by: | back 127 D. Increased nuclear gene transcription |
front 128 Major long-term controller of GH secretion is: | back 128 B. Tissue nutrition state |
front 129 A major effect of panhypopituitarism is: | back 129 D. Hypothyroidism |
front 130 A major effect of panhypopituitarism is decreased: | back 130 B. Glucocorticoids from adrenal |
front 131 A major effect of panhypopituitarism is decreased: | back 131 A. Gonadotropic hormone secretion |
front 132 Treatment listed for panhypopituitarism includes: | back 132 C. ACTH and thyroid hormone |
front 133 An adult with proportional dwarfism from generalized
panhypopituitarism during childhood asks about fertility. Most
accurate answer? | back 133 C. No, usually cannot reproduce |
front 134 The fertility limitation in generalized panhypopituitary dwarfism is
mainly from: | back 134 A. Insufficient gonadotropins |
front 135 Which dwarfism variant commonly does allow sexual maturation? | back 135 A. Isolated GH insufficiency |
front 136 Gigantism most commonly results from excessively active: | back 136 D. Somatotrophs |
front 137 In gigantism, pancreatic β cells are prone to: | back 137 B. Degeneration |
front 138 Later in life, many gigantism patients develop panhypopituitarism
because: | back 138 B. Tumor grows, destroys gland |
front 139 A key treatment principle for gigantism is: | back 139 C. Early surgery/irradiation pituitary |
front 140 Acromegaly is most consistent with: | back 140 A. Acidophilic tumor after adolescence |
front 141 In acromegaly, long bones primarily: | back 141 D. Become thicker |
front 142 In acromegaly, enlargement is marked in hands/feet and: | back 142 B. Membranous bones |
front 143 Which structure is a membranous bone site listed for acromegaly
enlargement? | back 143 B. Supraorbital ridge |
front 144 A patient with acromegaly has protruding lower jaw. This reflects
enlargement of the: | back 144 A. Mandible |
front 145 Vertebral changes in acromegaly can cause: | back 145 C. Kyphosis |
front 146 Which soft-tissue organ enlargement is consistent with
acromegaly? | back 146 B. Tongue enlargement |
front 147 GH is not used to prevent aging mainly because adverse effects
include: | back 147 A. Insulin resistance and edema |
front 148 GH therapy adverse effects listed include: | back 148 A. Carpal tunnel syndrome |
front 149 ADH and oxytocin are: | back 149 C. 9-AA polypeptides |
front 150 ADH and oxytocin are identical except that in ADH: | back 150 B. Phe and Arg replace Ile, Leu |
front 151 Without ADH, collecting ducts become almost: | back 151 A. Impermeable to water |
front 152 ADH’s general effect is to: | back 152 B. Decrease water excretion |
front 153 ADH increases collecting duct permeability mainly by: | back 153 C. Forming water-permeable pores |
front 154 When ADH binds its membrane receptor, the key second messenger
is: | back 154 B. cAMP |
front 155 In kidney tubule cells, ADH increases water permeability by causing
vesicles to: | back 155 B. Insert into cell membrane |
front 156 ADH effects occur rapidly in about: | back 156 C. 5–10 minutes |
front 157 In absence of ADH, reversal of its effects occurs in: | back 157 A. 5–10 minutes |
front 158 Increased ECF osmolarity causes ADH secretion because osmoreceptor
cells: | back 158 B. Shrink from water efflux |
front 159 Decreased ECF osmolarity inhibits ADH because osmoreceptor
cells: | back 159 B. Swell from water influx |
front 160 ECF osmolarity is detected mainly by: | back 160 C. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors |
front 161 High ADH can raise blood pressure by: | back 161 B. Constricting arterioles |
front 162 Oxytocin’s role in pregnancy is mainly to: | back 162 B. Cause uterine contraction |
front 163 After pregnancy, oxytocin mainly aids: | back 163 B. Milk ejection from breast |
front 164 Milk ejection reflex pathway is best: | back 164 A. Suckling→sensory→hypothalamus→oxytocin |