Pituitary gland-below brain attached to the hypothalamus
”master gland” controls all other glands, actions controlled by hypothalamus
Prolactin/PRL-stimulates milk production
Growth hormones/GH-stimulates growth, maintaining healthy body composition, muscle mass, and bone mass
Adrenocorticotropin/ACTH-stimulates production of cortisol, stress hormone, helps maintain BP and glucose
Thyroid stimulating hormone/TSH-stimulates thyroid to make hormones, that control body’s metabolism, energy, growth, and development, and nervous system
Luteinizing hormone/LH-regulates testosterone and estrogen, (gonadotropin)
Follicle stimulating hormone/FSH-promotes sperm production and ovaries to release eggs. LH and FSH work together for normal function (gonadotropin)
Oxytocin-causes milk letdown and contractions during childbirth
Antidiuretic hormone/ADH-regulates water balance
diuretic-increase urine production, (alcohol,tea)
Thyroid gland-surrounds the trachea
Thyroid stimulating hormone/TSH-pituitary gland releases TSH to speed up production of thyroid
Thyroxine(T4) and Triiodothyronine(T3)-increase the rate at which cells release energy from carbs
calcitonin-regulates blood concentration of calcium
BMR-basal metabolic rate, how many calories the body must consume to maintain life
goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid, most cases causes by iodine deficiency
hyperthyroidism(Graves’ disease)-thyroid makes too much hormone, weight loss, hand tremors, irregular heat beat, bulging eyes, cold sensitivity
hypothyroidism-thyroid makes too little thyroid hormone, weight gain, fatigue, hair loss, slow heart rate
parathyroid glands-behind the thyroid, four tiny glands
Parathyroid hormone(PTH)-takes calcium from the bones to make it available in the blood
adrenal glands-located at tops of kidneys
cortex-outer area
medulla-Inner area
epinephrine(adrenaline)-secreted from medulla, increases heart rate, “fight or flight”, response to stress, increased breathing rate
Aldosterone-secreted from cortex, helps kidneys maintain electrolyte balance, conserve sodium, excrete potassium, maintain BP, SODIUM CONSERVATION, ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
cortisol-helps maintain BP by adjusting to stress demands, keeps blood glucose stable, STRESS
adrenal sex hormones-small amount of sex hormones are produced in adrenal glands, androgens and estrogens
Cushing’s disease-too much cortisol, increased thirst and urination, hunger, panting, pot bellied abdomen, obesity, loss of hair
Addison’s disease-hyposecretion of cortisol, low BP, increased pigmentation
Pancreas-large gland behind stomach
Glucagon-stimulates liver to break down glycogen and release glucose, raises blood sugar
insulin-decreases blood sugar concentration, affects the uptake of glucose by cells
Type 1 diabetes-juvenile onset diabetes, often caused by immune disorder that destroys pancreatic cells
Type 2 diabetes - mature onset diabetes, often individuals are overweight, may be controlled with diet
diabetes insipidus-uncommon condition that occurs when kidneys unable to conserve water, amount of water conserved by anti diuretic hormones so if there is insufficient ADH or the kidneys don’t respond to ADH, can result in excessive thirst and urine volume
diabetic neuropathies - nerve damage throughout the body, pain, tingling, or numbmness-loss, of feeling in the hands arms feet and legs, slow healing wounds
pineal gland-brain
secretes melatonin, maintains circadian rhythms, sleep and wake cycles
Thymus gland - large in children, above heart
matures immune system cells, increases immune function
testes - groin
Testosterone hormone controls development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
Ovaries - abdominal cavity
estrogen - development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics, regulates menstrual cycles
progestrone - regulates menstrual cycle, maintains pregnancy