front 1 Pituitary gland-below brain attached to the hypothalamus | back 1 ”master gland” controls all other glands, actions controlled by hypothalamus Prolactin/PRL-stimulates milk production Growth hormones/GH-stimulates growth, maintaining healthy body composition, muscle mass, and bone mass Adrenocorticotropin/ACTH-stimulates production of cortisol, stress hormone, helps maintain BP and glucose Thyroid stimulating hormone/TSH-stimulates thyroid to make hormones, that control body’s metabolism, energy, growth, and development, and nervous system Luteinizing hormone/LH-regulates testosterone and estrogen, (gonadotropin) Follicle stimulating hormone/FSH-promotes sperm production and ovaries to release eggs. LH and FSH work together for normal function (gonadotropin) Oxytocin-causes milk letdown and contractions during childbirth Antidiuretic hormone/ADH-regulates water balance diuretic-increase urine production, (alcohol,tea) |
front 2 Thyroid gland-surrounds the trachea | back 2 Thyroid stimulating hormone/TSH-pituitary gland releases TSH to speed up production of thyroid Thyroxine(T4) and Triiodothyronine(T3)-increase the rate at which cells release energy from carbs calcitonin-regulates blood concentration of calcium BMR-basal metabolic rate, how many calories the body must consume to maintain life goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid, most cases causes by iodine deficiency hyperthyroidism(Graves’ disease)-thyroid makes too much hormone, weight loss, hand tremors, irregular heat beat, bulging eyes, cold sensitivity hypothyroidism-thyroid makes too little thyroid hormone, weight gain, fatigue, hair loss, slow heart rate |
front 3 parathyroid glands-behind the thyroid, four tiny glands | back 3 Parathyroid hormone(PTH)-takes calcium from the bones to make it available in the blood |
front 4 adrenal glands-located at tops of kidneys cortex-outer area medulla-Inner area | back 4 epinephrine(adrenaline)-secreted from medulla, increases heart rate, “fight or flight”, response to stress, increased breathing rate Aldosterone-secreted from cortex, helps kidneys maintain electrolyte balance, conserve sodium, excrete potassium, maintain BP, SODIUM CONSERVATION, ELECTROLYTE BALANCE cortisol-helps maintain BP by adjusting to stress demands, keeps blood glucose stable, STRESS adrenal sex hormones-small amount of sex hormones are produced in adrenal glands, androgens and estrogens Cushing’s disease-too much cortisol, increased thirst and urination, hunger, panting, pot bellied abdomen, obesity, loss of hair Addison’s disease-hyposecretion of cortisol, low BP, increased pigmentation |
front 5 Pancreas-large gland behind stomach | back 5 Glucagon-stimulates liver to break down glycogen and release glucose, raises blood sugar insulin-decreases blood sugar concentration, affects the uptake of glucose by cells Type 1 diabetes-juvenile onset diabetes, often caused by immune disorder that destroys pancreatic cells Type 2 diabetes - mature onset diabetes, often individuals are overweight, may be controlled with diet diabetes insipidus-uncommon condition that occurs when kidneys unable to conserve water, amount of water conserved by anti diuretic hormones so if there is insufficient ADH or the kidneys don’t respond to ADH, can result in excessive thirst and urine volume diabetic neuropathies - nerve damage throughout the body, pain, tingling, or numbmness-loss, of feeling in the hands arms feet and legs, slow healing wounds |
front 6 pineal gland-brain | back 6 secretes melatonin, maintains circadian rhythms, sleep and wake cycles |
front 7 Thymus gland - large in children, above heart | back 7 matures immune system cells, increases immune function |
front 8 testes - groin | back 8 Testosterone hormone controls development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics |
front 9 Ovaries - abdominal cavity | back 9 estrogen - development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics, regulates menstrual cycles progestrone - regulates menstrual cycle, maintains pregnancy |