Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology Flashcards

Study of functional (physiological) changes in the body resulting from disease

Deviation from normal structure or function of the body or a state of wellness

The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions

Don't develop the disease! Education on disease risk factors and prevent acquiring disease.

After disease or serious risk factors for disease development. Goal to halt or slow progression of disease in early stages (if possible.)

Management of chronic health problems. Prevent further deterioration and improve quality of life.

Obtains info on patient's health status and assess implications of health status for planning and implementing health care interventions.

Identification of a specific disease using signs, symptoms, and diagnostic tests

Cause or causative factors of a disease

Disease with no known cause

Disease caused by medical treatment, procedure, or error

A condition that increases the risk factor and likelihood of developing a disease

Measures taken to prevent disease or its spread

Actions aimed at reducing the risk or progression of disease

The sequence of events in the development of a disease

The time when disease manifestations begin (acute/sudden or insidious/gradual)

Short-term disease with rapid onset

Long-term or persistent disease

Disease state with pathological changes but few or no symptoms

Interval between exposure and onset of symptoms

Early stage of disease with vague, nonspecific symptoms

Signs and symptoms of disease; local at site of problem or systemic

Objective indicators of disease observed by others

Subjective experiences reported by the patient

Specific local change in tissue caused by disease

Group of signs and symptoms that occur together

The progression of disease over time

Period when disease manifestations decrease or disappear

Worsening or flare-up of disease manifestations

A condition that triggers the onset of an acute episode

Secondary problem that arises after the initial disease

Treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow disease progression

Long-term or permanent consequences of a disease

Period of recovery and return toward normal health

Predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery

Disease rates in a group; functional impairment that certain conditions cause in a population

Relative number of deaths from a disease

Postmortem examination to determine cause of death

Study of disease patterns in populations

Number of new cases in a population during a specific time period

Total number of existing cases in a population at a given time

Occurrence of disease above expected levels in a population

Worldwide epidemic

Disease that can be transmitted from person to person

Disease that must be reported to public health authorities

Visualize lesions or structures directly through a tube inserted in the body through opening or body wall

Ionizing radiation, image on film of bones and soft tissue that vary in density. Plain, contrast, mammography, and DXA.

360^o x-rays in series of shots that uses ionizing radiation.

High frequency sound waves that bounce off body structures.

Assesses blood flow

Measures efficiency of heart valves, function, and blood flow.

Uses magnetic field surrounding body and hydrogen (water) content of body; radio waves energy source; nonionizing. Can project past bone.

Track distribution of a radioactive tracer substance injected in the body that interacts with various structures in a way to highlight areas of interest.

Radioisotopes w/scanner and computer to produce a cross-sectional functional image of tissue. Biochemical changes in the tissue.

Assesses conduction/electrical system of the heart. Abnormal patterns assist with diagnosis of myocardial infarctions, cardiac dysrhythmias, electrolyte imbalances, and digoxin toxicity.

Test cardiac function under increased workload

Electrical activity in the brain. Abnormal patterns may indicate seizure disorders, tumors, or injuries.

Measures lung volumes and capacities. Deviations from normal can indicate restrictive or obstructive disorders.

Count and characteristics of formed elements.

Amount of hemoglobin (part that transports oxygen.)

Amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin; blood glucose levels over months.

Percentage of erythrocytes in a specific volume of blood

Assess proportions of leukocytes, "differential count"

Used to confirm abnormalities related to production of red blood cells in the marrow, megaloblastic anemia, leukemia

Bacteremia or unknown infection

Evaluate clotting time or clotting factors

Detects abnormal hemoglobin by isolating the hemoglobin protein itself

Amount of iron storage

Acid-base balance, oxygen levels, serum pH, PO2, PCO2, SO2, carbon dioxide and oxygen content, bicarbonate, base excess or deficit.

Determines whether there are deficiencies in hormone secretion

Cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL).

Na+, K+, Magnesium levels, Ca+

Might indicate damage to some part of the body

Showcases appropriate liver function

Determines if you had exposure to certain diseases in the past or currently have an ongoing infection

Immune responses, allergies

Physical and chemical characteristics of freshly collected urine sample, specific gravity, microscopic examination, creatinine clearance

Decrease in cell size = decreased tissue mass

Increase in cell size= enlarged tissue mass

Increase in cell number= enlarged tissue mass

One mature cell type replaced by another mature cell type

Tissue in which differentiated cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present, and rate of mitosis increased.

Cells are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures

"New growth," tumor; benign (non-spreading) or malignant (can spread/metastasize)

Programmed cell death

Death of one or more cells (portion of tissue or organ) due to irreversible damage

Decreased oxygenated blood supply due to circulatory obstruction

Decreased oxygen in cells or tissues

Lysis of cell, releasing contents causing inflammatory response and damage to nearby cells. Diagnostic tests can look for cellular enzymes in blood.

Dead cells liquify due to cellular enzymes

cell proteins are denatured and cells retain some form for a time after death

Fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids, causing inflammation

Form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms

Area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen; loss of tissue function in the area

Area of necrotic tissue associated with a lack of blood supply followed by invasion of bacteria

Liquefaction causing tissue to become cold, swollen, and black

Coagulative necrosis, tissue dries, shrinks, and blackens

Buildup of gases further reducing blood supply