front 1 Pathophysiology | back 1 Study of functional (physiological) changes in the body resulting from disease |
front 2 Disease | back 2 Deviation from normal structure or function of the body or a state of wellness |
front 3 Homeostasis | back 3 The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions |
front 4 Primary Prevention | back 4 Don't develop the disease! Education on disease risk factors and prevent acquiring disease. |
front 5 Secondary Prevention | back 5 After disease or serious risk factors for disease development. Goal to halt or slow progression of disease in early stages (if possible.) |
front 6 Tertiary Prevention | back 6 Management of chronic health problems. Prevent further deterioration and improve quality of life. |
front 7 What is the purpose of Patient Medical History? | back 7 Obtains info on patient's health status and assess implications of health status for planning and implementing health care interventions. |
front 8 Diagnosis | back 8 Identification of a specific disease using signs, symptoms, and diagnostic tests |
front 9 Etiology | back 9 Cause or causative factors of a disease |
front 10 Idiopathic | back 10 Disease with no known cause |
front 11 Iatrogenic | back 11 Disease caused by medical treatment, procedure, or error |
front 12 Predisposing factor | back 12 A condition that increases the risk factor and likelihood of developing a disease |
front 13 Prophylaxis | back 13 Measures taken to prevent disease or its spread |
front 14 Prevention | back 14 Actions aimed at reducing the risk or progression of disease |
front 15 Pathogenesis | back 15 The sequence of events in the development of a disease |
front 16 Onset of disease | back 16 The time when disease manifestations begin (acute/sudden or insidious/gradual) |
front 17 Acute | back 17 Short-term disease with rapid onset |
front 18 Chronic | back 18 Long-term or persistent disease |
front 19 Subclinical | back 19 Disease state with pathological changes but few or no symptoms |
front 20 Latent period | back 20 Interval between exposure and onset of symptoms |
front 21 Prodromal period | back 21 Early stage of disease with vague, nonspecific symptoms |
front 22 Manifestations | back 22 Signs and symptoms of disease; local at site of problem or systemic |
front 23 Signs | back 23 Objective indicators of disease observed by others |
front 24 Symptoms | back 24 Subjective experiences reported by the patient |
front 25 Lesion | back 25 Specific local change in tissue caused by disease |
front 26 Syndrome | back 26 Group of signs and symptoms that occur together |
front 27 Course of disease | back 27 The progression of disease over time |
front 28 Remission | back 28 Period when disease manifestations decrease or disappear |
front 29 Exacerbation | back 29 Worsening or flare-up of disease manifestations |
front 30 Precipitating factor | back 30 A condition that triggers the onset of an acute episode |
front 31 Complication | back 31 Secondary problem that arises after the initial disease |
front 32 Therapy / Therapeutic intervention | back 32 Treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow disease progression |
front 33 Sequelae | back 33 Long-term or permanent consequences of a disease |
front 34 Convalescence / Rehabilitation | back 34 Period of recovery and return toward normal health |
front 35 Prognosis | back 35 Predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery |
front 36 Morbidity | back 36 Disease rates in a group; functional impairment that certain conditions cause in a population |
front 37 Mortality | back 37 Relative number of deaths from a disease |
front 38 Autopsy | back 38 Postmortem examination to determine cause of death |
front 39 Epidemiology | back 39 Study of disease patterns in populations |
front 40 Incidence | back 40 Number of new cases in a population during a specific time period |
front 41 Prevalence | back 41 Total number of existing cases in a population at a given time |
front 42 Epidemic | back 42 Occurrence of disease above expected levels in a population |
front 43 Pandemic | back 43 Worldwide epidemic |
front 44 Communicable disease | back 44 Disease that can be transmitted from person to person |
front 45 Notifiable / Reportable disease | back 45 Disease that must be reported to public health authorities |
front 46 Endoscopic Examination | back 46 Visualize lesions or structures directly through a tube inserted in the body through opening or body wall |
front 47 Radiograph/X-ray film | back 47 Ionizing radiation, image on film of bones and soft tissue that vary in density. Plain, contrast, mammography, and DXA. |
front 48 Computed Tomography (CT Scan) | back 48 360o x-rays in series of shots that uses ionizing radiation. |
front 49 Ultrasound | back 49 High frequency sound waves that bounce off body structures. |
front 50 Doppler Ultrasound | back 50 Assesses blood flow |
front 51 Echocardiography | back 51 Measures efficiency of heart valves, function, and blood flow. |
front 52 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | back 52 Uses magnetic field surrounding body and hydrogen (water) content of body; radio waves energy source; nonionizing. Can project past bone. |
front 53 Nuclear Scanning | back 53 Track distribution of a radioactive tracer substance injected in the body that interacts with various structures in a way to highlight areas of interest. |
front 54 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | back 54 Radioisotopes w/scanner and computer to produce a cross-sectional functional image of tissue. Biochemical changes in the tissue. |
front 55 Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) | back 55 Assesses conduction/electrical system of the heart. Abnormal patterns assist with diagnosis of myocardial infarctions, cardiac dysrhythmias, electrolyte imbalances, and digoxin toxicity. |
front 56 Stress test (exercise ECG) | back 56 Test cardiac function under increased workload |
front 57 Electroencephalogram (EEG) | back 57 Electrical activity in the brain. Abnormal patterns may indicate seizure disorders, tumors, or injuries. |
front 58 Spirometry | back 58 Measures lung volumes and capacities. Deviations from normal can indicate restrictive or obstructive disorders. |
front 59 Complete blood count (CBC) | back 59 Count and characteristics of formed elements. |
front 60 Hemoglobin (Hgb) | back 60 Amount of hemoglobin (part that transports oxygen.) |
front 61 Glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1c) | back 61 Amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin; blood glucose levels over months. |
front 62 Hematocrit (HCT) | back 62 Percentage of erythrocytes in a specific volume of blood |
front 63 White blood cell differential count | back 63 Assess proportions of leukocytes, "differential count" |
front 64 Bone marrow aspiration | back 64 Used to confirm abnormalities related to production of red blood cells in the marrow, megaloblastic anemia, leukemia |
front 65 Blood culture and sensitivity | back 65 Bacteremia or unknown infection |
front 66 Blood clotting tests | back 66 Evaluate clotting time or clotting factors |
front 67 Hemoglobin electrophoresis | back 67 Detects abnormal hemoglobin by isolating the hemoglobin protein itself |
front 68 Serum-ferritin levels | back 68 Amount of iron storage |
front 69 Arterial blood gas (ABG) | back 69 Acid-base balance, oxygen levels, serum pH, PO2, PCO2, SO2, carbon dioxide and oxygen content, bicarbonate, base excess or deficit. |
front 70 Serum hormone levels | back 70 Determines whether there are deficiencies in hormone secretion |
front 71 Lipid levels | back 71 Cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL). |
front 72 Serum electrolytes | back 72 Na+, K+, Magnesium levels, Ca+ |
front 73 Serum enzymes or isoenzymes | back 73 Might indicate damage to some part of the body |
front 74 Serum levels of bilirubin | back 74 Showcases appropriate liver function |
front 75 Serum antigen antibody tests | back 75 Determines if you had exposure to certain diseases in the past or currently have an ongoing infection |
front 76 Skin tests, scratch tests | back 76 Immune responses, allergies |
front 77 Urinalysis | back 77 Physical and chemical characteristics of freshly collected urine sample, specific gravity, microscopic examination, creatinine clearance |
front 78 Atrophy | back 78 Decrease in cell size = decreased tissue mass |
front 79 Hypertrophy | back 79 Increase in cell size= enlarged tissue mass |
front 80 Hyperplasia | back 80 Increase in cell number= enlarged tissue mass |
front 81 Metaplasia | back 81 One mature cell type replaced by another mature cell type |
front 82 Dysplasia | back 82 Tissue in which differentiated cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present, and rate of mitosis increased. |
front 83 Anaplasia | back 83 Cells are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures |
front 84 Neoplasia | back 84 "New growth," tumor; benign (non-spreading) or malignant (can spread/metastasize) |
front 85 Apoptosis | back 85 Programmed cell death |
front 86 Necrosis | back 86 Death of one or more cells (portion of tissue or organ) due to irreversible damage |
front 87 Ischemia | back 87 Decreased oxygenated blood supply due to circulatory obstruction |
front 88 Hypoxia | back 88 Decreased oxygen in cells or tissues |
front 89 Pyroptosis | back 89 Lysis of cell, releasing contents causing inflammatory response and damage to nearby cells. Diagnostic tests can look for cellular enzymes in blood. |
front 90 Liquefaction necrosis | back 90 Dead cells liquify due to cellular enzymes |
front 91 Coagulative necrosis | back 91 cell proteins are denatured and cells retain some form for a time after death |
front 92 Fat necrosis | back 92 Fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids, causing inflammation |
front 93 Caseous necrosis | back 93 Form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms |
front 94 Infarction | back 94 Area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen; loss of tissue function in the area |
front 95 Gangrene | back 95 Area of necrotic tissue associated with a lack of blood supply followed by invasion of bacteria |
front 96 Wet Gangrene | back 96 Liquefaction causing tissue to become cold, swollen, and black |
front 97 Dry Gangrene | back 97 Coagulative necrosis, tissue dries, shrinks, and blackens |
front 98 Gas Gangrene | back 98 Buildup of gases further reducing blood supply |