Acid-Base Reaction
ELECTROPHILIC Addition to Alkenes
what is an alkene? H2C = CH2
- a double bond between carbons
what is an electrophile?
- an electron DEFICIENT species/molecule
NUCLEOPHILIC Addition to Alkenes
what is a nucleophile? ex) halides (I, Br, Cl)
- an electron RICH species/molecule
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Sn1, stepwise
Nucleophilic Substitution
Sn2, concerted
nucleophilic substitution
E1, stepwise
Elimination
E2, concerted
Elimination
E1cb, catalyzed by base
Elimination
Book-keeping/ Structural Reasoning
Oxidixing Reactions
- recquires an oxidizing agent (O2, NAD)
Oxidation Mechanism
Oxidizing Reactions
- requires an oxidizing agent (O2, NAD)
Book-keeping/Structural Reasoning
Reduction Reactions
- requires a reducing agent (NADH)
Reduction Mechanism
Reduction Reactions
- requires a reducing agent (NADH)
Substitution at an Acyl Group
Aldol Addition
Aldol Reactions
- requires base
Aldol Condensation
Aldol Reactions
- requires base
condensation = loss of H2O
Reverse Aldol Reaction
Aldol Reactions
- requires base
Claisen Reaction
- requires base
- --> esters (double bond O to an R and an OR) NOT ketones (O double bond to 2 R's)
Imine Formation
Imine Creation
Transimination
Imine Creation
- requires acid
Imine Hydrolysis
- requires acid
Alcohol
- Nu
Thiol
- Nu
Amine
- Nu
Protonated Amine
- Nu
Carboxylic Acid
- acyl group
Ester
- Acyl group
Thioester
- acyl group
Amide
- acyl group
Carbonate
- acyl group
Aldehyde
- acyl group
Ketone
- acyl group
Acyl Phosphate
- acyl group
Imine
NADH
Benzene
NAD