A sphincter is a
thickening of the longitudinal layer of the muscularis that propels materials through the GI tract.
thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis that controls movement of materials through the GI tract.
fold of the mucosa of the GI tract that increases the total surface area for absorption of nutrients.
circle of adventitia that anchors the GI tract to neighboring structures.
thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis that controls movement of materials through the GI tract.
Of the five types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
Parietal cells
Surface mucous cells
Mucous neck cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Chief cells
Maltase is a brush border enzyme of the small intestine that digests the sugar maltose.
True
False
True
Mastication is a process that facilitates
propulsion of materials through the intestine, and it involves simultaneous secretion of enzymes.
mixing of food within the stomach, and it occurs with simultaneous hormone secretion there.
swallowing of food, and it increases the surface area of the food for exposure to enzymes.
absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream, and it involves carrier proteins in the epithelium.
swallowing of food, and it increases the surface area of the food for exposure to enzymes.
What material is transported in the sinusoids of the liver?
Bile
Arterial blood
Venous blood
Mixed arterial and venous blood
Hepatic juice
Mixed arterial and venous blood
Most saliva is produced by the_________ gland.
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
lingual
buccal
submandibular
The lingual salivary glands are
unicellulilar endocrine glands.
unicellulilar exocrine glands.
multicellulilar endocrine glands.
multicellulilar exocrine glands.
multicellulilar exocrine glands.
Villi
are found throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
generate movement of materials in the large intestine.
increase surface area in the small intestine.
contain both smooth and skeletal muscle fibers.
All of the choices are correct.
increase surface area in the small intestine.
The term "motility" refers only to involuntary contractions (not voluntary contractions) that mix and move materials through the GI tract.
True
False
False
Stenosis (constriction) of the pyloric sphincter would interfere with
passage of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum.
peristalsis.
passage of a bolus into the stomach.
passage of chyme into the duodenum.
mucus secretion.
passage of chyme into the duodenum.
If a fatty meal has been ingested, the liver and gallbladder need to be alerted about the need for bile. The receptors that are responsible for sensing the fat in the ingested food are refered to as
bilireceptors.
mechanoreceptors.
chemoreceptors.
omental neurons
osmodetectors.
chemoreceptors.
The upper half of the esophagus contains smooth muscle and the lower half contains skeletal muscle.
True
False
False
Manufacturers of some medications used to treat heartburn advertise that their products shut down the acid-producing pumps in the stomach. Where are these “acid-producing pumps”? In other words, which type of gastric gland cell secretes acid?
Chief cells
Parietal cells
Mucous neck cells
Surface mucous cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Parietal cells
Bacteria within the large intestine, some of which produce vitamins, are called _________ bacteria.
indigenous
exogenous
parasitic
pathogenic
indigenous
An enzyme found within saliva is salivary
pancreatase.
nuclease.
amylase.
protease.
pepsin.
amylase
The projections on the superior surface of the tongue, some of which house taste buds, are the
tonsils.
cilia.
rugae.
glossal spines.
papillae.
papillae.
Which layer(s) of the wall of the GI tract contain a nerve plexus?
Muscularis only
Mucosa and serosa
Adventitia only
Mucosa and muscularis
Submucosa and muscularis
Submucosa and muscularis
Lysozyme within saliva primarily functions to
moisten and disperse food.
initiate the chemical breakdown of starch.
inhibit bacterial growth.
wash materials off teeth.
inhibit bacterial growth.
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Storage of vitamins and minerals
Protein digestion and nutrient absorption
Water and electrolyte absorption
Secretion of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes
Water and electrolyte absorption
The deciduous teeth are the_________ teeth, and there are a total of_________ deciduous teeth.
milk; 8
milk; 20
wisdom; 4
permanent; 20
permanent; 28
milk; 20