5021 UNIT 1 FINAL EXAM Flashcards

Proprietary and limits the production of a drug to the specific drug company that owns the patent.

After a period of time, the drug becomes public and can be marketed by various companies under this name.

Tylenol is an example of this name.

Acetaminophen is an example of this name.

C14H19NO2

Ritalin

Methylphenidate

C23H27FN4O2

Risperdal

Risperidone

Developed by B.F. Skinner with the publication of The Behavior of Organisms

Rate of response is the most common dependent variable

Olanzapine to help someone immediately stop vomiting

Uses repeated measurement

After a drug enters the bloodstream, part of it binds to proteins (like albumin) or tissues.
The bound drug is inactive, and only the free drug can move into tissues and cause effects.

Short version:
Drug in blood → some binds → bound = inactive, free = active.

Bind with proteins in the blood stream.

Drug molecules are released by the protein molecules.

Drugs have an affinity for and will bind to bone and fat tissues.

Drug released slowly into the blood over a long period of time.

Drugs are

Drugs have and can be

Crisis intervention also known as chemical restraint

Alternative use for a medical crisis

Shot of Xanax to calm someone down during a behavioral crisis

Olanzapine to help someone immediately stop vomiting

Medical Emergency Use

Chemicals released from the pre-synaptic neuron and released into the synapse are known as which of the following?

An unexpected, unusual, and unpredictable response to a drug.

when a drug causes the opposite effect of what it is supposed to do.

Often life threatening

Sites of action for most substances can include the brain (primary site), bloodstream, or extracellular fluid

A drug that is prescribed to help you sleep causes insomnia in some people would be an example of this type of drug reaction

Agranulocytosis which is white blood count suppression associated with clozapine is an example of this type of drug reaction

A drug prescribed for pain relief causes stomach pain is an example of this type of drug reaction

The dose-response curve includes a range of doses so low that there is no ___, and so high that further___ have no effect.

U1SA] Drug A has a therapeutic index of 100 and Drug B has a therapeutic index of 800. Which is the safer drug?

Pharmacokinetics includes 4 stages that

Drug is a reinforcer and users will spend time seeking and taking the drug.

Resultant effect of taking 2 drugs concurrently is equal to the sum of the effect of the two drugs taken separately.

Resultant effect of taking 2 drugs concurrently is equal to a sum that is less than the arithmetic sum.

Resultant effect of taking 2 drugs concurrently is equal to a sum that is greater than the arithmetic sum.

Stimulants, Sedatives

Antipsychotics, Antidepressents

First Generation, Second Generation

-azepam (Diazepam, Clonazepam) -epine (Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine)

Includes 4 stages that Describe how drugs move into, get around in, and are eliminated from the body. Match the fate of the drug with the correct stage in this process.

Produces predictable patterns of behavior to evaluate effects of drugs

Communication between neurons

Takes the form of an electrical charge that travels down the axon and triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the terminal buttons.

Communication through the use of neurotransmitters released into the synapse which then bind with receptors on the next neuron and stimulate or inhibit it.

On a dose response curve you will find the _____________ on the x-axis, and the _____________on the y-axis.

Crisis intervention also known as chemical restraint

Does not cause withdrawal, euphoria, sleep changes, or pain.

What can happen:

• Blood sugar increases
• Diabetes symptoms may worsen
• Possible weight gain

Shot of Xanax to calm someone down during a behavioral crisis

Olanzapine to help someone immediately stop vomiting

The drug is prescribed for a particular reason.

Receives and processes input.

Cell Body (Soma)

• The central part of a neuron.
• Contains the nucleus and most of the organelles.
• Function:
  • Maintains the neuron’s life
  • Processes incoming signals from dendrites
  • Sends signals down the axon if strong enough

Short version:

Soma = neuron’s “control center” that processes info and keeps the cell alive.

Senses or reacts to stimulation from other neurons.

Receives all stimulation from the other parts of the neuron and releases neurotransmitters into the synapse which then interface with the next neuron.

Uses statistical analysis

Includes 4 stages that describe how drugs move into, get around in, and are eliminated from the body. Match the fate of the drug with the correct stage in this process.

Uses visual analysis of graphed data

Employs methods to remove variability

Produces predictable response rates

Evaluates independent variables by comparing group means

Produces predictable patterns of behavior to evaluate effects of drugs

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

Research has shown that a person may overdose on the same amount of heroin they typically take if they take the drug in a new environment. This is due to which of the following types of tolerance?

Dose of the drug that produces a therapeutic effect in a certain fraction of people taking it.

Dose of the drug that produces a fatal effect in a certain fraction of the people taking it.

Describes the safety of a drug and calculated by dividing the LD50 by the ED50. The higher the number, the safer the drug.

Studied respondent conditioning by looking at food and salivation

Studied caffeine and respondent conditioning

Demonstrated drug effects in operant conditioned behavior

Which are the ways a drug can be classified? Select all that apply.

Long-term use

• The central part of a neuron.
• Contains the nucleus and most of the organelles.
• Function:
  • Maintains the neuron’s life
  • Processes incoming signals from dendrites
  • Sends signals down the axon if strong enough

Short version:

Soma = neuron’s “control center” that processes info and keeps the cell alive.

Managed via regular appointments with a prescribing physician

Immediate short-term need

Prescribed for emergency use in both medical and behavioral problems

Short-term symptom alleviation

Pre-medication for relaxation or sedation

The body slowly gets used to a drug, so the drug has less effect over time. This change is normal and expected.

Short version:
Normal, gradual tolerance that develops safely.

The enzymes that break the drugs down are instigated by the drug itself.

* The central part of a neuron.

* Contains the nucleus and most of the organelles.

* Function:

• Maintains the neuron’s life
• Processes incoming signals from dendrites
• Sends signals down the axon if strong enough

Short version:

Soma = neuron’s “control center” that processes info and keeps the cell alive.

The person learns to function under the influence of the drug.

A person develops a tolerance to the drug they take and a drug they don’t take.

A person takes drugs and the body tries to return to a state of homeostasis by producing reactions that are opposite to that of the drug effect.

Luke takes 2 medications that lower his blood pressure. Both medications lower blood pressure by 20 points each. The two drugs when taken together have an infra-additive effect. When Luke goes to the doctor his blood pressure is likely to be how much lower.

Some drugs make food and drinks more valuable

Some drugs increase the value of social stimuli

Some drugs decrease the value of food

The person no longer seeks out food or drinks

The person spends more time seeking out food and drinks

includes 4 stages that

describe how drugs move into, get around in, and are eliminated from the body. Match the fate of the drug with the correct stage in this process.

This is the degree to which a drug, or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration.

Carmen is prescribed a drug for schizophrenia. She takes a dose of 600 mg at 7:00 AM in the morning. This drug has a half-life of 7 hours. How much of the drug would still be in Carmen’s system after 14 hours?

George has been prescribed a pain medication after his back surgery. He notices that it doesn’t block his pain as much as it did when he first started taking it a month ago and is requiring a larger dose to get the same effect. George has likely developed a/an ___________________ to the drug

Unpredictable adverse drug reaction

An effect opposite to the effect expected

Unrelated to known pharmacological properties of the drug

Can occur with side effects

Sites of action for most substances can include the brain (primary site), bloodstream, or extracellular fluid

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate.

Short version:

Neuronal signal → neurotransmitter released → binds to receptors → activates or inhibits → gets removed.

Elimination of the drug changes with respect to the concentration of the drug

A certain fraction of the drug is metabolized every time period

Utilizes half-life to determine how long it takes the body to eliminate half of the drug

Certain amount of the drug will be metabolized and excreted in a certain amount of time

Elimination of a constant quantity per time unit of the drug quantity

What happens to a drug inside the body from the moment you take it until it leaves the body.

Topical, Oral, Intramuscular, Sublingual

Sites of action for most substances can include the brain (primary site), bloodstream, or extracellular fluid

Distribution

Drug molecule converted to a metabolite typically in the liver but can occur in the gastrointestinal tract

Drug molecule or the metabolites are excreted and removed from the body

Pharmacokinetics includes 4 stages that

Administration

Distribution

Biotransformation

Produces predictable patterns of behavior to evaluate effects of drugs

Describes how much of the drug is required in order to produce the desired effect.

Describes what is the maximum effect that the drug may be expected to produce.

2 drugs (acetaminophen and hydrocodone) both reduce pain at the same dose but the hydrocodone is more effective at reducing pain than the acetaminophen at the same dose. This is describing which characteristic of a drug?

Drug A requires 40 mgs at the ED50 and Drug B requires 60 mg at the ED50. Drug A has a higher ___________ than Drug B.?

Mechanism of Neurotransmitters

Their mechanism has 4 main steps:

When an electrical signal (action potential) reaches the end of a neuron:

• Vesicles open
• Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse (the gap between neurons)

Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to receptors on the next neuron.

This binding tells the next neuron what to do.

Depending on the neurotransmitter, the next neuron:

• Fires (excitatory)
• Stops firing (inhibitory)

Examples:

• Glutamate → excitatory
• GABA → inhibitory

To stop the message, the neurotransmitter is removed by:

• Reuptake (taken back into the original neuron)
• Enzyme breakdown
• Diffusion away from the synapse

The combined effect of two drugs (or stimuli) is exactly equal to the sum of their individual effects.

Example:
Drug A produces 2 units of effect.
Drug B produces 3 units of effect.
Together → 2 + 3 = 5 (additive)

The combined effect is less than the sum of the two drugs.

Example:
A = 2
B = 3
Together → 4 (instead of 5)

The combined effect is greater than the sum of both drugs.

Example:
A = 2
B = 3
Together → 8 (instead of 5)

• Additive:
• Infra-additive:
• Supra-additive:

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate.

Short version:

Neuronal signal → neurotransmitter released → binds to receptors → activates or inhibits → gets removed.

chemicals that send messages between neurons.

Neurotransmitters can

• Dopamine → reward, movement
• Serotonin → mood, sleep
• GABA → inhibition, calming
• Glutamate → excitation, learning
• Acetylcholine → memory, muscle activation
• Norepinephrine → alertness, stress response

Produces predictable patterns of behavior to evaluate effects of drugs

It is a reduced response to a drug over time, leading to needing higher doses for the same effect.

Can be additive (simply added), infra- additive (less than), or supra-additive (greater than)

It is the amount of drug needed for an effect, while peak efficacy is the maximum effect a drug can produce.

Causes withdrawal symptoms upon stopping, while psychological dependence is an emotional or mental urge to use the drug.

Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system, and neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons.