C14H19NO2

Chemical Name

Ritalin

Trade Name

Methylphenidate

Generic Name

C23H27FN4O2

Chemical Name

Risperdal

Trade Name

Risperidone

Generic Name

Developed by B.F. Skinner with the publication of The Behavior of Organisms

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

Rate of response is the most common dependent variable

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

Olanzapine to help someone immediately stop vomiting

Medical Emergency Use

Uses repeated measurement

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

After a drug enters the bloodstream, part of it binds to proteins (like albumin) or tissues.
The bound drug is inactive, and only the free drug can move into tissues and cause effects.

Short version:
Drug in blood → some binds → bound = inactive, free = active.

Distribution binding process

Bind with proteins in the blood stream.

Protein Binding

Drug molecules are released by the protein molecules.

Protein Binding

Drugs have an affinity for and will bind to bone and fat tissues.

Depot Binding

Drug released slowly into the blood over a long period of time.

Depot Binding

Drugs are

dose dependent

time dependent

Drugs have and can be

have multiple effects

toxic at high enough doses

Crisis intervention also known as chemical restraint

Behavioral Emergency Use

Alternative use for a medical crisis

Medical Emergency Use

Shot of Xanax to calm someone down during a behavioral crisis

Behavioral Emergency Use

Olanzapine to help someone immediately stop vomiting

Medical Emergency Use

Medical Emergency Use

Chemicals released from the pre-synaptic neuron and released into the synapse are known as which of the following?

Neurotransmitters

An unexpected, unusual, and unpredictable response to a drug.

Idiosyncratic reaction

when a drug causes the opposite effect of what it is supposed to do.

Paradoxical Drug Reaction

Often life threatening

Idiosyncratic Drug Reaction

Sites of action for most substances can include the brain (primary site), bloodstream, or extracellular fluid

Distribution

A drug that is prescribed to help you sleep causes insomnia in some people would be an example of this type of drug reaction

Paradoxical Drug Reaction

Agranulocytosis which is white blood count suppression associated with clozapine is an example of this type of drug reaction

Idiosyncratic Drug Reaction

A drug prescribed for pain relief causes stomach pain is an example of this type of drug reaction

Paradoxical Drug Reaction

The dose-response curve includes a range of doses so low that there is no ___, and so high that further___ have no effect.

detectable effect, increases

U1SA] Drug A has a therapeutic index of 100 and Drug B has a therapeutic index of 800. Which is the safer drug?

Drug B

Pharmacokinetics includes 4 stages that

Describe how drugs move into, get around in, and are eliminated from the body. Match the fate of the drug with the correct stage in this process.

Drug is a reinforcer and users will spend time seeking and taking the drug.

Psychological Dependence

Resultant effect of taking 2 drugs concurrently is equal to the sum of the effect of the two drugs taken separately.

Additive Effect

Resultant effect of taking 2 drugs concurrently is equal to a sum that is less than the arithmetic sum.

Infra-additive Effect

Resultant effect of taking 2 drugs concurrently is equal to a sum that is greater than the arithmetic sum.

Supra-additive Effect

Stimulants, Sedatives

Behavioral Effects

Antipsychotics, Antidepressents

Therapeutic Use

First Generation, Second Generation

Generation

-azepam (Diazepam, Clonazepam) -epine (Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine)

Chemical Structure

Includes 4 stages that Describe how drugs move into, get around in, and are eliminated from the body. Match the fate of the drug with the correct stage in this process.

Pharmacokinetics

Produces predictable patterns of behavior to evaluate effects of drugs

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

Communication between neurons

Chemical

Takes the form of an electrical charge that travels down the axon and triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the terminal buttons.

Electrical

Communication through the use of neurotransmitters released into the synapse which then bind with receptors on the next neuron and stimulate or inhibit it.

Chemical

On a dose response curve you will find the _____________ on the x-axis, and the _____________on the y-axis.

dose, effect

Crisis intervention also known as chemical restraint

Behavioral Emergency Use

Does not cause withdrawal, euphoria, sleep changes, or pain.

What can happen:

• Blood sugar increases
• Diabetes symptoms may worsen
• Possible weight gain

Effects of Stopping metformin

Shot of Xanax to calm someone down during a behavioral crisis

Behavioral Emergency Use

Olanzapine to help someone immediately stop vomiting

Medical Emergency Use

The drug is prescribed for a particular reason.

Pyschotropic

Receives and processes input.

Cell body or soma

Cell Body (Soma)

• The central part of a neuron.
• Contains the nucleus and most of the organelles.
• Function:
  • Maintains the neuron’s life
  • Processes incoming signals from dendrites
  • Sends signals down the axon if strong enough

Short version:

Soma = neuron’s “control center” that processes info and keeps the cell alive.

Cell Body (Soma)

Senses or reacts to stimulation from other neurons.

Dendrites

Receives all stimulation from the other parts of the neuron and releases neurotransmitters into the synapse which then interface with the next neuron.

Terminal buttons

Uses statistical analysis

Traditional Psychology

Includes 4 stages that describe how drugs move into, get around in, and are eliminated from the body. Match the fate of the drug with the correct stage in this process.

Pharmacokinetics

Uses visual analysis of graphed data

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

Employs methods to remove variability

Traditional Psychology

Produces predictable response rates

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

Evaluates independent variables by comparing group means

Traditional Psychology

Produces predictable patterns of behavior to evaluate effects of drugs

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

Research has shown that a person may overdose on the same amount of heroin they typically take if they take the drug in a new environment. This is due to which of the following types of tolerance?

Compensatory Reaction Tolerance

Dose of the drug that produces a therapeutic effect in a certain fraction of people taking it.

Effective Dose

Dose of the drug that produces a fatal effect in a certain fraction of the people taking it.

Lethal Dose

Describes the safety of a drug and calculated by dividing the LD50 by the ED50. The higher the number, the safer the drug.

Therapeutic Index

Studied respondent conditioning by looking at food and salivation

Pavlov

Studied caffeine and respondent conditioning

Zavadski

Demonstrated drug effects in operant conditioned behavior

Skinner and Heron

Which are the ways a drug can be classified? Select all that apply.

Chemical Structure

Behavioral Effects

Therapeutic Use

Generation

Long-term use

Chronic Use

• The central part of a neuron.
• Contains the nucleus and most of the organelles.
• Function:
  • Maintains the neuron’s life
  • Processes incoming signals from dendrites
  • Sends signals down the axon if strong enough

Short version:

Soma = neuron’s “control center” that processes info and keeps the cell alive.

Cell Body (Soma)

Managed via regular appointments with a prescribing physician

Chronic Use

Immediate short-term need

Acute Use

Prescribed for emergency use in both medical and behavioral problems

Acute Use

Short-term symptom alleviation

Acute Use

Pre-medication for relaxation or sedation

Acute Use

The body slowly gets used to a drug, so the drug has less effect over time. This change is normal and expected.

Short version:
Normal, gradual tolerance that develops safely.

Appropriate tolerance:

The enzymes that break the drugs down are instigated by the drug itself.

Metabolic Tolerance

* The central part of a neuron.

* Contains the nucleus and most of the organelles.

* Function:

• Maintains the neuron’s life
• Processes incoming signals from dendrites
• Sends signals down the axon if strong enough

Short version:

Soma = neuron’s “control center” that processes info and keeps the cell alive.

Cell Body (Soma)

The person learns to function under the influence of the drug.

Behavioral Tolerance

A person develops a tolerance to the drug they take and a drug they don’t take.

Cross Tolerance

A person takes drugs and the body tries to return to a state of homeostasis by producing reactions that are opposite to that of the drug effect.

Compensatory Reaction Tolerance

Luke takes 2 medications that lower his blood pressure. Both medications lower blood pressure by 20 points each. The two drugs when taken together have an infra-additive effect. When Luke goes to the doctor his blood pressure is likely to be how much lower.

30 points lower

Some drugs make food and drinks more valuable

Drugs functioning as an EO

Some drugs increase the value of social stimuli

Drugs functioning as an EO

Some drugs decrease the value of food

Drugs functioning as an AO

The person no longer seeks out food or drinks

Drugs functioning as an AO

The person spends more time seeking out food and drinks

Drugs functioning as an EO

includes 4 stages that

describe how drugs move into, get around in, and are eliminated from the body. Match the fate of the drug with the correct stage in this process.

Pharmacokinetics

This is the degree to which a drug, or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration.

Bioavailability

Carmen is prescribed a drug for schizophrenia. She takes a dose of 600 mg at 7:00 AM in the morning. This drug has a half-life of 7 hours. How much of the drug would still be in Carmen’s system after 14 hours?

150 mg

George has been prescribed a pain medication after his back surgery. He notices that it doesn’t block his pain as much as it did when he first started taking it a month ago and is requiring a larger dose to get the same effect. George has likely developed a/an ___________________ to the drug

tolerance

Unpredictable adverse drug reaction

Idiosyncratic Drug Reaction

An effect opposite to the effect expected

Paradoxical Drug Reaction

Unrelated to known pharmacological properties of the drug

Idiosyncratic Drug Reaction

Can occur with side effects

Paradoxical Drug Reaction

Sites of action for most substances can include the brain (primary site), bloodstream, or extracellular fluid

Distribution

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate.

Short version:

Neuronal signal → neurotransmitter released → binds to receptors → activates or inhibits → gets removed.

Mechanism of Neurotransmitters

Elimination of the drug changes with respect to the concentration of the drug

First Order Kinetics

A certain fraction of the drug is metabolized every time period

First Order Kinetics

Utilizes half-life to determine how long it takes the body to eliminate half of the drug

First Order Kinetics

Certain amount of the drug will be metabolized and excreted in a certain amount of time

Zero Order Kinetics

Elimination of a constant quantity per time unit of the drug quantity

Zero Order Kinetics

What happens to a drug inside the body from the moment you take it until it leaves the body.

Fate of a drug.

Topical, Oral, Intramuscular, Sublingual

Administration

Sites of action for most substances can include the brain (primary site), bloodstream, or extracellular fluid

Distribution

Distribution

Drug molecule converted to a metabolite typically in the liver but can occur in the gastrointestinal tract

Biotransformation

Drug molecule or the metabolites are excreted and removed from the body

Excretion

Pharmacokinetics includes 4 stages that

describe how drugs move into, get around in, and are eliminated from the body. Match the fate of the drug with the correct stage in this process.

Administration

Stage 1

Distribution

Stage 2

Biotransformation

Stage 3

Produces predictable patterns of behavior to evaluate effects of drugs

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

Describes how much of the drug is required in order to produce the desired effect.

Potency

Describes what is the maximum effect that the drug may be expected to produce.

Peak Efficacy

2 drugs (acetaminophen and hydrocodone) both reduce pain at the same dose but the hydrocodone is more effective at reducing pain than the acetaminophen at the same dose. This is describing which characteristic of a drug?

Peak Efficacy

Drug A requires 40 mgs at the ED50 and Drug B requires 60 mg at the ED50. Drug A has a higher ___________ than Drug B.?

Potency

Mechanism of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate.

Short version:

Neuronal signal → neurotransmitter released → binds to receptors → activates or inhibits → gets removed.

Their mechanism has 4 main steps:

1. Release

2. Binding

3. Effect

4. Removal

When an electrical signal (action potential) reaches the end of a neuron:

• Vesicles open
• Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse (the gap between neurons)

1. Release

Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to receptors on the next neuron.

This binding tells the next neuron what to do.

2. Binding

Depending on the neurotransmitter, the next neuron:

• Fires (excitatory)
• Stops firing (inhibitory)

Examples:

• Glutamate → excitatory
• GABA → inhibitory

3. Effect

To stop the message, the neurotransmitter is removed by:

• Reuptake (taken back into the original neuron)
• Enzyme breakdown
• Diffusion away from the synapse

4. Removal

The combined effect of two drugs (or stimuli) is exactly equal to the sum of their individual effects.

Example:
Drug A produces 2 units of effect.
Drug B produces 3 units of effect.
Together → 2 + 3 = 5 (additive)

Additive Effect

The combined effect is less than the sum of the two drugs.

Example:
A = 2
B = 3
Together → 4 (instead of 5)

Infra-additive Effect

(Sub-additive)

The combined effect is greater than the sum of both drugs.

Example:
A = 2
B = 3
Together → 8 (instead of 5)

Supra-additive Effect

(Super-additive / Synergistic)

• Additive:
• Infra-additive:
• Supra-additive:

• Additive: A + B = A+B
• Infra-additive: A + B < A+B
• Supra-additive: A + B > A+B

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate.

Short version:

Neuronal signal → neurotransmitter released → binds to receptors → activates or inhibits → gets removed.

Mechanism of Neurotransmitters

chemicals that send messages between neurons.

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters can

• Excite a neuron (make it fire)
• Inhibit a neuron (stop it from firing)
• Modulate activity (adjust mood, movement, attention, etc.)

• Dopamine → reward, movement
• Serotonin → mood, sleep
• GABA → inhibition, calming
• Glutamate → excitation, learning
• Acetylcholine → memory, muscle activation
• Norepinephrine → alertness, stress response

Neurotransmitters - Main Types (examples)

Produces predictable patterns of behavior to evaluate effects of drugs

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

It is a reduced response to a drug over time, leading to needing higher doses for the same effect.

Tolerance

Can be additive (simply added), infra- additive (less than), or supra-additive (greater than)

Drug Interactions

It is the amount of drug needed for an effect, while peak efficacy is the maximum effect a drug can produce.

Potency and Peak Efficiency

Causes withdrawal symptoms upon stopping, while psychological dependence is an emotional or mental urge to use the drug.

Physical and Psychological Dependence:

Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system, and neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons.

Neurons and Neurotransmitters