Micro Chap 16b Flashcards

Which group contains ONLY innate physical defenses?

intact skin, tears, ciliary escalator

mucus, sebum, saliva

lysozyme, stomach pH, sweat

B lymphocytes, blood, macrophages

What is innate immunity?

It involves T cells and B cells.

It involves a memory component.

It is nonspecific and present at birth.

It provides increased susceptibility to disease.

It is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens.

Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) phagocytosis.

B) inflammation.

C) production of antibody.

D) production of interferon.

E) activation of complement.

Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?

A) lysozyme — tears and saliva

B) mucociliary escalator — intestines

C) very acidic pH — stomach

D) keratin and tightly packed cells — skin

E) cerumen and sebum — ear

The main function of the "ciliary escalator" is to:

Remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract

Trap microorganisms in mucus in the upper respiratory tract

Trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract

Propel inhaled dust and microorganisms away from the mouth, toward the lower respiratory tract

Remove microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract

Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT

A) they produce antibacterial chemicals.

B) they compete with pathogens for nutrients.

C) they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria.

D) they produce lysozyme.

E) they change the pH of the environment.

Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?

A) eosinophils

B) erythrocytes

C) macrophages

D) basophils

E) neutrophils

All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT

A) they are a type of lymphocyte.

B) they are found in tissues of the lymphatic system.

C) they have the ability to kill infected body cells and some tumor cells.

D) they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis.

E) they release toxic substances that cause cell lysis or apoptosis.

Macrophages arise from which of the following?

A) basophils

B) eosinophils

C) lymphocytes

D) monocytes

E) neutrophils

Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?

A) increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms

B) increased margination of phagocytes

C) increased diapedesis of phagocytes

D) inflammation

E) cytolysis

Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to

A) undergo chemotaxis.

B) migrate.

C) produce toxic oxygen products.

D) attach to microorganisms and other foreign material.

E) engulf microorganisms and other foreign material.

Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial

A) cell membrane.

B) capsule.

C) cell wall.

D) DNA.

E) ribosomes.

A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?

A) mucociliary escalator

B) normal skin flora

C) phagocytosis in the inflammatory response

D) acidic skin secretions

E) lysozyme

All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT

A) kinins.

B) prostaglandins.

C) lysozymes.

D) histamine.

E) leukotrienes.

All of the following are effects of kinins EXCEPT

vasodilation.

increased blood vessel permeability.

production of antibodies.

chemotaxis of phagocytic granulocytes.

drawing in neutrophils to infected or injure area.

All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT

A) dilation of blood vessels.

B) release of histamines and prostaglandins.

C) chemotaxis.

D) diapedesis.

E) antibody synthesis.

A chill is a sign that

A) body temperature is falling.

B) body temperature is rising.

C) body temperature is not changing.

D) the metabolic rate is decreasing.

E) blood vessels are dilating.

All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it

A) accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract.

B) stimulates T lymphocyte activity.

C) is caused by interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha coming into contact with the hypothalamus.

D) intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons.

E) can be initiated by specific types of pathogens.

The activation protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway after the point in the cascade where the activation of ________ takes place.

A) C1

B) C2

C) C3

D) C5

E) C6

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) All three types of interferons have the same effect on the body.

B) Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis.

C) Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages.

D) Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses.

E) Beta interferon attacks invading viruses.

Which of the following is found normally in serum?

A) complement

B) interferon

C) histamine

D) leukocytosis-promoting factor

E) TLRs

Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT

A) interference with viral replication.

B) bacterial cell lysis.

C) opsonization.

D) increased phagocytic activity.

E) increased blood vessel permeability.

Activation of C3a results in

A) acute inflammation.

B) increased blood vessel permeability.

C) opsonization.

D) attraction of phagocytes.

E) cell lysis.

TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT

A) AMPs.

B) flagellin.

C) LPS.

D) PAMPs.

E) peptidoglycan.

An example of a TLR would be peptidoglycan found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.

All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT

A) multiple layers of cells.

B) tears.

C) saliva.

D) HCl.

E) the "ciliary escalator."

The dermis is composed of connective tissue and serves the primary purpose of providing direct protection from the external environment.

Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE?

A) They are found in certain tissues and organs.

B) They develop from neutrophils.

C) They are cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system.

D) They are mature monocytes.

E) They gather at sites of infection.

Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT

A) M protein.

B) capsules.

C) formation of phagolysosomes.

D) leukocidins.

E) biofilms.

Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with (getting to and getting hold of) microorganisms EXCEPT

A) trapping a bacterium against a rough surface.

B) opsonization.

C) chemotaxis.

D) lysozyme.

E) complement.

After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT

A) complement.

B) O2-.

C) H2O2.

D) OH.

E) HOCl.

Digestion of microorganisms occurs in phagosomes.

Margination refers to

A) the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms.

B) the chemotactic response of phagocytes.

C) adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels.

D) dilation of blood vessels.

E) the movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels.

The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid

A) returns to the blood.

B) goes into lymph capillaries.

C) is excreted in urine.

D) is lost as perspiration.

E) is transported into macrophages.

All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT

A) vasodilation.

B) fever.

C) swelling.

D) redness.

E) pain.

All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step?

A) diapedesis

B) margination

C) phagocyte migration

D) repair

E) vasodilation

Which one of the following compounds intensifies the effects of histamine and induces phagocytes migrate through capillary walls?

IFNγ

Antibodies

Prostaglandins

Kinins

Leukotrienes

The inflammatory response can only be triggered by an infection.

Histamine and kinins cause increased blood flow and capillary permeability.

The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by

A) lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.

B) C5-C9.

C) antigen-antibody reactions.

D) factors released from phagocytes.

E) factors released from damaged tissues.

The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by

A) lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.

B) C5-C9.

C) antigen-antibody reactions.

D) factors released from phagocytes.

E) factors released from damaged tissues.

Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE?

A) C1 is the first protein activated in the classical pathway.

B) The C1 protein complex is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes.

C) C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.

D) Cleaved fragments of some of the proteins act to increase inflammation.

E) C3b causes opsonization.

Inactive complement proteins behave like opsonins that bind to microorganisms and promote phagocytosis.

Microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease.

Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?

A) basophils

B) eosinophils

C) lymphocytes

D) monocytes

E) neutrophils

Leukotrienes are inflammatory vasoactive mediators produced by

eosinophils.

skin cells.

neutrophils.

macrophages.

mast cells and basophils.

Aspirin alleviates pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins.

Death results if body temperature rises above

44° to 46° C.

30° to 32° C.

39° to 41° C.

35° to 37° C.

All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT

A) they bind to the surface of uninfected cells.

B) they are effective for long periods.

C) they initiate manufacture of antiviral proteins.

D) they disrupt stages of viral multiplication.

E) they initiate transcription.

The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by

A) mannose on host membranes.

B) mannose on the surface of pathogens.

C) lectins of the microbe.

D) gram-negative cell walls.

E) gram-positive cell walls.