front 1 Which group contains ONLY innate physical defenses? intact skin, tears, ciliary escalator mucus, sebum, saliva lysozyme, stomach pH, sweat B lymphocytes, blood, macrophages | back 1 intact skin, tears, ciliary escalator |
front 2 What is innate immunity? It involves T cells and B cells. It involves a memory component. It is nonspecific and present at birth. It provides increased susceptibility to disease. It is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens. | back 2 It is nonspecific and present at birth. |
front 3 Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT A) phagocytosis. B) inflammation. C) production of antibody. D) production of interferon. E) activation of complement. | back 3 production of antibody. |
front 4 Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid? A) lysozyme — tears and saliva B) mucociliary escalator — intestines C) very acidic pH — stomach D) keratin and tightly packed cells — skin E) cerumen and sebum — ear | back 4 mucociliary escalator — intestines |
front 5 The main function of the "ciliary escalator" is to: Remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract Trap microorganisms in mucus in the upper respiratory tract Trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract Propel inhaled dust and microorganisms away from the mouth, toward the lower respiratory tract Remove microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract | back 5 Trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract |
front 6 Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT A) they produce antibacterial chemicals. B) they compete with pathogens for nutrients. C) they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria. D) they produce lysozyme. E) they change the pH of the environment. | back 6 .they produce lysozyme. |
front 7 Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity? A) eosinophils B) erythrocytes C) macrophages D) basophils E) neutrophils | back 7 macrophages |
front 8 All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT A) they are a type of lymphocyte. B) they are found in tissues of the lymphatic system. C) they have the ability to kill infected body cells and some tumor cells. D) they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis. E) they release toxic substances that cause cell lysis or apoptosis. | back 8 They destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis |
front 9 Macrophages arise from which of the following? A) basophils B) eosinophils C) lymphocytes D) monocytes E) neutrophils | back 9 monocytes |
front 10 Which of the following is an effect of opsonization? A) increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms B) increased margination of phagocytes C) increased diapedesis of phagocytes D) inflammation E) cytolysis | back 10 increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms |
front 11 Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to A) undergo chemotaxis. B) migrate. C) produce toxic oxygen products. D) attach to microorganisms and other foreign material. E) engulf microorganisms and other foreign material. | back 11 produce toxic oxygen products. |
front 12 Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial A) cell membrane. B) capsule. C) cell wall. D) DNA. E) ribosomes. | back 12 Cell wall |
front 13 A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes? A) mucociliary escalator B) normal skin flora C) phagocytosis in the inflammatory response D) acidic skin secretions E) lysozyme | back 13 Phagocytosis in the inflammatory response |
front 14 All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT A) kinins. B) prostaglandins. C) lysozymes. D) histamine. E) leukotrienes. | back 14 lysozymes. |
front 15 All of the following are effects of kinins EXCEPT vasodilation. increased blood vessel permeability. production of antibodies. chemotaxis of phagocytic granulocytes. drawing in neutrophils to infected or injure area. | back 15 production of antibodies. |
front 16 All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT A) dilation of blood vessels. B) release of histamines and prostaglandins. C) chemotaxis. D) diapedesis. E) antibody synthesis. | back 16 antibody synthesis. |
front 17 A chill is a sign that A) body temperature is falling. B) body temperature is rising. C) body temperature is not changing. D) the metabolic rate is decreasing. E) blood vessels are dilating. | back 17 body temperature is rising. |
front 18 All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it A) accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract. B) stimulates T lymphocyte activity. C) is caused by interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha coming into contact with the hypothalamus. D) intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons. E) can be initiated by specific types of pathogens. | back 18 Accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract |
front 19 The activation protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway after the point in the cascade where the activation of ________ takes place. A) C1 B) C2 C) C3 D) C5 E) C6 | back 19 C3 |
front 20 Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) All three types of interferons have the same effect on the body. B) Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis. C) Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages. D) Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses. E) Beta interferon attacks invading viruses. | back 20 Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages. |
front 21 Which of the following is found normally in serum? A) complement B) interferon C) histamine D) leukocytosis-promoting factor E) TLRs | back 21 Complement proteins |
front 22 Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT A) interference with viral replication. B) bacterial cell lysis. C) opsonization. D) increased phagocytic activity. E) increased blood vessel permeability. | back 22 interference with viral replication. |
front 23 Activation of C3a results in A) acute inflammation. B) increased blood vessel permeability. C) opsonization. D) attraction of phagocytes. E) cell lysis. | back 23 acute inflammation. |
front 24 TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT A) AMPs. B) flagellin. C) LPS. D) PAMPs. E) peptidoglycan. | back 24 AMPs |
front 25 An example of a TLR would be peptidoglycan found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. | back 25 FALSE |
front 26 All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT A) multiple layers of cells. B) tears. C) saliva. D) HCl. E) the "ciliary escalator." | back 26 HCl |
front 27 The dermis is composed of connective tissue and serves the primary purpose of providing direct protection from the external environment. | back 27 False |
front 28 Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE? A) They are found in certain tissues and organs. B) They develop from neutrophils. C) They are cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. D) They are mature monocytes. E) They gather at sites of infection. | back 28 They develop from neutrophils. |
front 29 Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT A) M protein. B) capsules. C) formation of phagolysosomes. D) leukocidins. E) biofilms. | back 29 formation of phagolysosomes. |
front 30 Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with (getting to and getting hold of) microorganisms EXCEPT A) trapping a bacterium against a rough surface. B) opsonization. C) chemotaxis. D) lysozyme. E) complement. | back 30 Lysozyme |
front 31 After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT A) complement. B) O2-. C) H2O2. D) OH. E) HOCl. | back 31 complement |
front 32 Digestion of microorganisms occurs in phagosomes. | back 32 false |
front 33 Margination refers to A) the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms. B) the chemotactic response of phagocytes. C) adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels. D) dilation of blood vessels. E) the movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels. | back 33 Adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels |
front 34 The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid A) returns to the blood. B) goes into lymph capillaries. C) is excreted in urine. D) is lost as perspiration. E) is transported into macrophages. | back 34 goes into lymph capillaries. |
front 35 All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT A) vasodilation. B) fever. C) swelling. D) redness. E) pain. | back 35 fever |
front 36 All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step? A) diapedesis B) margination C) phagocyte migration D) repair E) vasodilation | back 36 Vasodilation |
front 37 Which one of the following compounds intensifies the effects of histamine and induces phagocytes migrate through capillary walls? IFNγ Antibodies Prostaglandins Kinins Leukotrienes | back 37 Prostaglandins |
front 38 The inflammatory response can only be triggered by an infection. | back 38 false |
front 39 Histamine and kinins cause increased blood flow and capillary permeability. | back 39 true |
front 40 The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by A) lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. B) C5-C9. C) antigen-antibody reactions. D) factors released from phagocytes. E) factors released from damaged tissues. | back 40 lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. |
front 41 The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by A) lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. B) C5-C9. C) antigen-antibody reactions. D) factors released from phagocytes. E) factors released from damaged tissues. | back 41 antigen-antibody reactions. |
front 42 Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE? A) C1 is the first protein activated in the classical pathway. B) The C1 protein complex is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes. C) C3 is not involved in the classical pathway. D) Cleaved fragments of some of the proteins act to increase inflammation. E) C3b causes opsonization. | back 42 C3 is not involved in the classical pathway. |
front 43 Inactive complement proteins behave like opsonins that bind to microorganisms and promote phagocytosis. | back 43 false |
front 44 Microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease. | back 44 true |
front 45 Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths? A) basophils B) eosinophils C) lymphocytes D) monocytes E) neutrophils | back 45 eosinophils |
front 46 Leukotrienes are inflammatory vasoactive mediators produced by eosinophils. skin cells. neutrophils. macrophages. mast cells and basophils. | back 46 mast cells and basophils. |
front 47 Aspirin alleviates pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins. | back 47 true |
front 48 Death results if body temperature rises above 44° to 46° C. 30° to 32° C. 39° to 41° C. 35° to 37° C. | back 48 44° to 46° C. |
front 49 All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT A) they bind to the surface of uninfected cells. B) they are effective for long periods. C) they initiate manufacture of antiviral proteins. D) they disrupt stages of viral multiplication. E) they initiate transcription. | back 49 they are effective for long periods. |
front 50 The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by A) mannose on host membranes. B) mannose on the surface of pathogens. C) lectins of the microbe. D) gram-negative cell walls. E) gram-positive cell walls. | back 50 mannose on the surface of pathogens. |