infectious disease manifesting in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems Flashcards

COVID-19 disease table

SARS-CoV-2

droplet, airborne

attachment to ACE-2; induction of autoimmunity

RT-PCR, Ab and Ag tests

vaccine, mitigation efforts

antivirals such as paxlovid

spreading constantly worldwide

fever, anemia, abnormal heartbeat, symptoms of heart attack, shortness of breath, and chills

abdominal or side pain, Janeway lesions, and Osler's nodes

similar to symptoms of acute endocarditis

develop more slowly and are less pronounced

enlarged spleen, clubbed fingers, and toes

acute endocarditis disease table

subacute endocarditis disease table

staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, enterococcus, pseudomonas aeruginosa

parenteral

aseptic surgery, injections

vancomycin; surgery

acute onset, high fatality rate

greatly increased incidence due to heroin epidemic

alpha-hemolytic streptococci, others

endogenous transfer of normal biota to bloodstream

blood culture

prophylactic antibiotics before invasive procedures

broad-spectrum antibiotics surgery may be necessary

slower onset

fever, altered mental state, shaking chills, and gastrointestinal symptoms

increased breathing rate, respiratory alkalosis, and low blood pressure resulting in loss of fluid from the vasculature

sepsis disease

bacteria or fungi

parenteral, endogenous transfer

cell wall or membrane components

blood culture, deep sequencing

broad-spectrum antibiotic until identification and susceptibilities tested. C. auris is in urgent threat category in CDC antiobiotic resistance report

in united states: 1.7 million cases and 270,000 deaths per year

plague disease table

yersinia pestis

biological vector (flea) also droplet contact (pneumonic) and direct contact with body fluids

capsule, plasminogen activator

rapid genomic methods

flea and/or animal control; vaccine available for high-risk individuals

streptomycin or ciprofloxacin

united states: endemic in all western and southwestern states; internationally, 95% of human cases occur in africa, including madagascar

category A bioterrorism agent

tularemia disease table

francisella tularensis

biological vector (tick); also direct contact with body fluids from infected animal; airborne

intracellular growth

culture dangerous to lab workers and not reliable; serology most often used; fine needle aspirations of lymph node sometimes used

gentamicin or streptomycin

united states: several hundred cases per year; internationally 500,000 cases per year category A bioterrorism agent

lyme disease table

borrelia burgdorferi and closely related species

biological vector (tick)

antigenic shifting, adhesins

acute and convalescent sera testing

doxycycline and/or amoxicillin (3-4 weeks), also cephalosporins and penicillin

tick avoidance

in US, 25,000-30,000 cases per year; endemic in north america, europe, and asia

mono(nucleosis) disease table

epstein-barr virus

direct, indirect contact; parenteral

latency, ability to incorporate into host DNA

differential blood count, monospot test for heterophile antibody, specific ELISA

supportive

lifelong persistence

united states: 500 cases per 100,000 per year

anthrax disease table

bacillus anthracis

vehicle (air, soil), indirect contact (animal hides), vehicle (food)

triple exotoxin

culture, direct fluorescent antibody tests

vaccine for high-risk population; used in conjugation with antibiotics post-expsoure

in consultation with the CDC

internationally, 2,000-20,000 cases annually, most cutaneous

category A bioterrorism agent

yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, ebola and/or marburg, lassa fever

yellow fever disease table

yellow fever virus

biological vector (Aedes mosquito)

disruption of clotting factors

ELISA, PCR

live attenuated vaccine available

supportive

accompanied by jaundice

united states: only sporadic cases in travelers; international, 200,000 cases annually, 30,000 deaths; 90% of cases in africa

dengue fever disease table

biological vector (Aedes mosquito)

disruption of clotting factors

rise in IgM titers

new vaccine approved in 2019 for use in children aged 9-16 with previous infection living in endemic areas in the US

supportive

"breakbone fever" - so named due to severe pain in some forms

united states: most cases in puerto rico, the us virgin islands, samoa, and guam; internationally, 50-3000 million people infected every year and tens of thousands of deaths occur, mostly among children

chikungunya disease table

chikungunya virus

biological vector (Aedes mosquito)

disruption of clotting factors

PCR

supportive

arthritic symptoms

first local transmission in the united states in 2014; has exploded in the americas since its arrival in 2013 with an estimated 1.7 million suspected cases

ebola and/or marburg disease table

ebola virus, marburg virus

direct contact, body fluids

disruption of clotting factors

PCR, viral culture (conducted at CDC)

new vaccine suitable for epidemic situations tested successfully in 2016

new drugs developed for ongoing outbreaks in africa

massive hemorrhage; rash sometimes present

united states: only imported infections; internationally, sporadic outbreaks in africa; major ebola outbreak 2014-2016; category A bioterrorism agent

lassa fever disease table

lassa fever virus

droplet contact (aerosolized rodent excretions), direct contact with infected fluids

disruption of clotting factors

ELISA

avoiding rats, safe food storage

ribavirin

chest pain, deafness as long-term sequelae

united states: no reported cases; internationally, estimated 100,000-300,000 cases annually in west africa; category A bioterrorism agent

brucellosis, Q fever, cat-scratch disease, trench fever, ehrilichiosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, spotted fever rickettsiosis

brucellosis disease table

brucella melitensis, B. abortus, or B. suis

direct contact, airborne, parenteral (needlesticks)

intracellular growth; avoidance of destruction by phagocytes

gram stain of biopsy material; PCR

animal control, pasteurization of milk

undulating fever, muslce aches

doxycycline plus gentamicin or streptomycin

united states: fewer than 100 cases per year; internationally, 500,000 cases per year; category B bioterrorism agent

Q fever disease table

coxiella burnetii

airborne, direct contact, food-borne

endospore-like structure

serological tests for antibody; PCR

vaccine for high-risk population

tetracycline or TMP/SMZ

airborne route of transmission, variable disease presentation

one third of cases occur in four states: colorado, california, texas, and illinois; category B bioterrorism agent

cat-scratch disease table

bartonella henselae

parenteral (cat scratch or bite)

endotoxin

biopsy of lymph nodes plus gram staining; ELISA (performed by CDC)

clean wound sites

azithromycin or rifampin

histroy of cat bite or scrath; fever not always present

united states: estimated incidence is 9.3 cases per 100,000; internationally, seroprevalence from 0.6-37% depending on cat population

trench fever disease table

bartonella quintana

biological vector (lice)

endotoxin

ELISA (performed by CDC)

avoid lice

azithromycin +/- doxycycline

endocarditis common, 5 day fever

most infections asymptomatic; found on every continent except antarctica

ehrlichiosis disease table

ehrlichia species

biological vector (tick)

PCR, indirect antibody test

doxycycline

southeast, south central united states

great increase in incidence since mid-1990s

anaplasmosis disease table

anaplasma species

biological vector (tick)

PCR, indirect antibody test

avoid ticks

doxycyycline

upper midwest and northeasteern united states

great increase in incidence since mid-1990s

babesiosis disease table

biological vector (tick)

blood smear

avoid ticks

combination therapy with antibacterial + antiprotozoal

northeastern and upper midwestern united states

spotted fever rickettsiosis disease table

rickettsia species

biological vector (tick)

induces apoptosis in cells lining blood vessels

fluorescent antibody, PCR

avoid ticks

doxycycline

rocky mountain spotted fever is most severe of the rickettsioses

only in americas; 10-fold increase since 2000

chagas disease table

trypanosoma cruzi

biological vector (tratomine bug), vertical

antioxidant enzymes, co-opting host antigens; induces autoimmunity

blood smear in acute phase; serological methods in later stages

insect control

consult CDC

endemic in central and south america; 230,000 cases present in the united states; considered a neglected parasitic infection

malaria disease table

plasmodium falciparum, p. vivax, p. ovale, p. malariae, p. knowlesi

biological vector (mosquito_, vertical

multiple life stages; multiple antigenic types, ability to scavenge glucose, GPI toxin, cytoadherence

blood smear; serological methods

mosquito control; use of bed nets; for children in endemic areas now beginning use of RTS, S vaccine; prophylactic antiprotozoal agents

arteminisin, combination therapy; consult WHO

united states: cases are generally in travelers or immigrants; internationally, 300 million cases in"malaria belt"; half million deaths per year; more deadly in children

HIV and AIDS disease table

human immunodeficiency virus 1 or 2

direct contact (sexual), parenteral (blood-borne), vertical (perinatal and via breast milk)

attachment, syncytia formation, reverse transcriptase, high mutation rate

immunoassay to detect antibodies as well as HIV antigen

avoidance of contact with infected sex partner, contaminated blood, breast milk; pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) for high-risk individuals

antiretroviral regiment begun as early as possible

united states: HIV infection = 1.2 million

internationally: HIV infection = 38 million

gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria

gram-positive bacteria

gram-negative bacteria

DNA virus

RNA viruses

retroviruses

protozoa