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213 notecards = 54 pages (4 cards per page)

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infectious disease manifesting in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

front 1

COVID-19 disease table

back 1

front 2

SARS-CoV-2

back 2

COVID-19 causative agent

front 3

droplet, airborne

back 3

COVD-19 mode of transmission

front 4

attachment to ACE-2; induction of autoimmunity

back 4

COVID-19 virulence factors

front 5

RT-PCR, Ab and Ag tests

back 5

COVID-19 culture/diagnosis

front 6

vaccine, mitigation efforts

back 6

COVID-19 prevention

front 7

antivirals such as paxlovid

back 7

COVID-19 treatment

front 8

spreading constantly worldwide

back 8

COVID-19 epidemiological features

front 9

fever, anemia, abnormal heartbeat, symptoms of heart attack, shortness of breath, and chills

abdominal or side pain, Janeway lesions, and Osler's nodes

back 9

signs and symptoms of acute endocarditis

front 10

similar to symptoms of acute endocarditis

develop more slowly and are less pronounced

enlarged spleen, clubbed fingers, and toes

back 10

signs and symptoms of subacute endocarditis

front 11

acute endocarditis disease table

back 11

front 12

subacute endocarditis disease table

back 12

front 13

staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, enterococcus, pseudomonas aeruginosa

back 13

acute endocarditis causative agent

front 14

parenteral

back 14

acute endocarditis mode of transmission

front 15

aseptic surgery, injections

back 15

acute endocarditis prevention

front 16

vancomycin; surgery

back 16

acute endocarditis treatment

front 17

acute onset, high fatality rate

back 17

acute endocarditis disntictive features

front 18

greatly increased incidence due to heroin epidemic

back 18

acute endocarditis epidemiological features

front 19

alpha-hemolytic streptococci, others

back 19

subacute endocarditis causative agent

front 20

endogenous transfer of normal biota to bloodstream

back 20

subacute endocarditis mode of transmission

front 21

blood culture

back 21

subacute endocarditis culture/diagnosis

front 22

prophylactic antibiotics before invasive procedures

back 22

subacute endocarditis prevention

front 23

broad-spectrum antibiotics surgery may be necessary

back 23

subacute endocarditis treatment

front 24

slower onset

back 24

subacute endocarditis distinctive features

front 25

fever, altered mental state, shaking chills, and gastrointestinal symptoms

increased breathing rate, respiratory alkalosis, and low blood pressure resulting in loss of fluid from the vasculature

back 25

sepsis signs and symptoms

front 26

sepsis disease

back 26

front 27

bacteria or fungi

back 27

sepsis causative agent

front 28

parenteral, endogenous transfer

back 28

sepsis mode of transmission

front 29

cell wall or membrane components

back 29

sepsis virulence factors

front 30

blood culture, deep sequencing

back 30

sepsis culture, deep sequencing

front 31

broad-spectrum antibiotic until identification and susceptibilities tested. C. auris is in urgent threat category in CDC antiobiotic resistance report

back 31

sepsis treatment

front 32

in united states: 1.7 million cases and 270,000 deaths per year

back 32

sepsis epidemiological features

front 33

plague disease table

back 33

front 34

yersinia pestis

back 34

plague causative agent

front 35

biological vector (flea) also droplet contact (pneumonic) and direct contact with body fluids

back 35

plague mode of transmission

front 36

capsule, plasminogen activator

back 36

plague virulence factors

front 37

rapid genomic methods

back 37

plague culture/diagnosis

front 38

flea and/or animal control; vaccine available for high-risk individuals

back 38

plague prevention

front 39

streptomycin or ciprofloxacin

back 39

plague treatment

front 40

united states: endemic in all western and southwestern states; internationally, 95% of human cases occur in africa, including madagascar

category A bioterrorism agent

back 40

plague epidemiological features

front 41

tularemia disease table

back 41

front 42

francisella tularensis

back 42

tularemia causative agent

front 43

biological vector (tick); also direct contact with body fluids from infected animal; airborne

back 43

tularemia mode of transmission

front 44

intracellular growth

back 44

tularemia virulence factors

front 45

culture dangerous to lab workers and not reliable; serology most often used; fine needle aspirations of lymph node sometimes used

back 45

tularemia culture/diagnosis

front 46

gentamicin or streptomycin

back 46

tularemia treatment

front 47

united states: several hundred cases per year; internationally 500,000 cases per year category A bioterrorism agent

back 47

tularemia epidemiological features

front 48

lyme disease table

back 48

front 49

borrelia burgdorferi and closely related species

back 49

lyme disease causative agent

front 50

biological vector (tick)

back 50

lyme disease mode of transmission

front 51

antigenic shifting, adhesins

back 51

lyme disease virulence factors

front 52

acute and convalescent sera testing

back 52

lyme disease culture/diagnosis

front 53

doxycycline and/or amoxicillin (3-4 weeks), also cephalosporins and penicillin

back 53

lyme disease treatment

front 54

tick avoidance

back 54

lyme disease prevention

front 55

in US, 25,000-30,000 cases per year; endemic in north america, europe, and asia

back 55

lyme disease epidemiological features

front 56

mono(nucleosis) disease table

back 56

front 57

epstein-barr virus

back 57

mono causative agent

front 58

direct, indirect contact; parenteral

back 58

mono mode of transmission

front 59

latency, ability to incorporate into host DNA

back 59

mono virulence factors

front 60

differential blood count, monospot test for heterophile antibody, specific ELISA

back 60

mono culture/diagnosis

front 61

supportive

back 61

mono treatment

front 62

lifelong persistence

back 62

mono distinctive features

front 63

united states: 500 cases per 100,000 per year

back 63

mono epidemiological features

front 64

anthrax disease table

back 64

front 65

bacillus anthracis

back 65

anthrax causative agent

front 66

vehicle (air, soil), indirect contact (animal hides), vehicle (food)

back 66

anthrax mode of transmission

front 67

triple exotoxin

back 67

anthrax virulence factors

front 68

culture, direct fluorescent antibody tests

back 68

anthrax culture/diagnosis

front 69

vaccine for high-risk population; used in conjugation with antibiotics post-expsoure

back 69

anthrax prevention

front 70

in consultation with the CDC

back 70

anthrax treatment

front 71

internationally, 2,000-20,000 cases annually, most cutaneous

category A bioterrorism agent

back 71

anthrax epidemiological features

front 72

yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, ebola and/or marburg, lassa fever

back 72

hemorrhagic fever diseases

front 73

yellow fever disease table

back 73

front 74

yellow fever virus

back 74

yellow fever causative agent

front 75

biological vector (Aedes mosquito)

back 75

yellow fever mode of transmission

front 76

disruption of clotting factors

back 76

yellow fever virulence factors

front 77

ELISA, PCR

back 77

yellow fever culture/diagnosis

front 78

live attenuated vaccine available

back 78

yellow fever prevention

front 79

supportive

back 79

yellow fever treatment

front 80

accompanied by jaundice

back 80

yellow fever distinctive features

front 81

united states: only sporadic cases in travelers; international, 200,000 cases annually, 30,000 deaths; 90% of cases in africa

back 81

yellow fever epidemiological features

front 82

dengue fever disease table

back 82

front 83

biological vector (Aedes mosquito)

back 83

dengue fever mode of transmission

front 84

disruption of clotting factors

back 84

dengue fever virulence factors

front 85

rise in IgM titers

back 85

dengue fever culture/diagnosis

front 86

new vaccine approved in 2019 for use in children aged 9-16 with previous infection living in endemic areas in the US

back 86

dengue fever prevention

front 87

supportive

back 87

dengue fever treatment

front 88

"breakbone fever" - so named due to severe pain in some forms

back 88

dengue fever distinctive features

front 89

united states: most cases in puerto rico, the us virgin islands, samoa, and guam; internationally, 50-3000 million people infected every year and tens of thousands of deaths occur, mostly among children

back 89

dengue fever epidemiological features

front 90

chikungunya disease table

back 90

front 91

chikungunya virus

back 91

chikungunya causative agent

front 92

biological vector (Aedes mosquito)

back 92

chikungunya mode of transmission

front 93

disruption of clotting factors

back 93

chikungunya virulence factor

front 94

PCR

back 94

chikungunya culture/diagnosis

front 95

supportive

back 95

chikungunya treatment

front 96

arthritic symptoms

back 96

chikungunya distinctive features

front 97

first local transmission in the united states in 2014; has exploded in the americas since its arrival in 2013 with an estimated 1.7 million suspected cases

back 97

chikungunya epidemiological features

front 98

ebola and/or marburg disease table

back 98

front 99

ebola virus, marburg virus

back 99

ebola and/or marburg causative agents

front 100

direct contact, body fluids

back 100

ebola and/or marburg mode of transmission

front 101

disruption of clotting factors

back 101

ebola and/or marburg virulence factors

front 102

PCR, viral culture (conducted at CDC)

back 102

ebola and/or marburg culture/diagnosis

front 103

new vaccine suitable for epidemic situations tested successfully in 2016

back 103

ebola and/or marburg prevention

front 104

new drugs developed for ongoing outbreaks in africa

back 104

ebola and/or marburg treatment

front 105

massive hemorrhage; rash sometimes present

back 105

ebola and/or marburg distinctive features

front 106

united states: only imported infections; internationally, sporadic outbreaks in africa; major ebola outbreak 2014-2016; category A bioterrorism agent

back 106

ebola and/or marburg epidemiological features

front 107

lassa fever disease table

back 107

front 108

lassa fever virus

back 108

lassa fever causative agent

front 109

droplet contact (aerosolized rodent excretions), direct contact with infected fluids

back 109

lassa fever mode of transmission

front 110

disruption of clotting factors

back 110

lassa fever virulence factors

front 111

ELISA

back 111

lassa fever culture/diagnosis

front 112

avoiding rats, safe food storage

back 112

lassa fever prevention

front 113

ribavirin

back 113

lassa fever treatment

front 114

chest pain, deafness as long-term sequelae

back 114

lassa fever distinctive features

front 115

united states: no reported cases; internationally, estimated 100,000-300,000 cases annually in west africa; category A bioterrorism agent

back 115

lassa fever epidemiological features

front 116

brucellosis, Q fever, cat-scratch disease, trench fever, ehrilichiosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, spotted fever rickettsiosis

back 116

nonhemorrhagic fever

front 117

brucellosis disease table

back 117

front 118

brucella melitensis, B. abortus, or B. suis

back 118

brucellosis causative agent

front 119

direct contact, airborne, parenteral (needlesticks)

back 119

brucellosis mode of transmission

front 120

intracellular growth; avoidance of destruction by phagocytes

back 120

brucellosis virulence factors

front 121

gram stain of biopsy material; PCR

back 121

brucellosis culture/diagnosis

front 122

animal control, pasteurization of milk

back 122

brucellosis prevention

front 123

undulating fever, muslce aches

back 123

brucellosis distinctive features

front 124

doxycycline plus gentamicin or streptomycin

back 124

brucellosis treatment

front 125

united states: fewer than 100 cases per year; internationally, 500,000 cases per year; category B bioterrorism agent

back 125

brucellosis epidemiological features

front 126

Q fever disease table

back 126

front 127

coxiella burnetii

back 127

Q fever causative agent

front 128

airborne, direct contact, food-borne

back 128

Q fever mode of transmission

front 129

endospore-like structure

back 129

Q fever virulence factors

front 130

serological tests for antibody; PCR

back 130

Q fever culture/diagnosis

front 131

vaccine for high-risk population

back 131

Q fever prevention

front 132

tetracycline or TMP/SMZ

back 132

Q fever treatment

front 133

airborne route of transmission, variable disease presentation

back 133

Q fever distinctive features

front 134

one third of cases occur in four states: colorado, california, texas, and illinois; category B bioterrorism agent

back 134

Q fever epidemiological features

front 135

cat-scratch disease table

back 135

front 136

bartonella henselae

back 136

cat-scratch causative agent

front 137

parenteral (cat scratch or bite)

back 137

cat-scratch mode of transmission

front 138

endotoxin

back 138

cat-scratch virulence factors

front 139

biopsy of lymph nodes plus gram staining; ELISA (performed by CDC)

back 139

cat-scratch culture/diagnosis

front 140

clean wound sites

back 140

cat-scratch prevention

front 141

azithromycin or rifampin

back 141

cat-scratch treatment

front 142

histroy of cat bite or scrath; fever not always present

back 142

cat-scratch distinctive features

front 143

united states: estimated incidence is 9.3 cases per 100,000; internationally, seroprevalence from 0.6-37% depending on cat population

back 143

cat-scratch epidemiological features

front 144

trench fever disease table

back 144

front 145

bartonella quintana

back 145

trench fever causative agent

front 146

biological vector (lice)

back 146

trench fever mode of transmission

front 147

endotoxin

back 147

trench fever virulence factors

front 148

ELISA (performed by CDC)

back 148

trench fever culture/diagnosis

front 149

avoid lice

back 149

trench fever prevention

front 150

azithromycin +/- doxycycline

back 150

trench fever treatment

front 151

endocarditis common, 5 day fever

back 151

trench fever distinctive features

front 152

most infections asymptomatic; found on every continent except antarctica

back 152

trench fever epidemiological features

front 153

ehrlichiosis disease table

back 153

front 154

ehrlichia species

back 154

ehrlichiosis causative agent

front 155

biological vector (tick)

back 155

ehrlichiosis mode of transmission

front 156

PCR, indirect antibody test

back 156

ehrlichiosis culture/diagnosis

front 157

doxycycline

back 157

ehrlichiosis treatment

front 158

southeast, south central united states

back 158

ehrlichiosis distinctive features

front 159

great increase in incidence since mid-1990s

back 159

ehrlichiosis epidemiological features

front 160

anaplasmosis disease table

back 160

front 161

anaplasma species

back 161

anaplasmosis causative agent

front 162

biological vector (tick)

back 162

anaplasmosis mode of transmission

front 163

PCR, indirect antibody test

back 163

anaplasmosis culture/diagnosis

front 164

avoid ticks

back 164

anaplasmosis prevention

front 165

doxycyycline

back 165

anaplasmosis treatment

front 166

upper midwest and northeasteern united states

back 166

anaplasmosis distinctive features

front 167

great increase in incidence since mid-1990s

back 167

anaplasmosis epidemiological features

front 168

babesiosis disease table

back 168

front 169

biological vector (tick)

back 169

babesiosis mode of transmission

front 170

blood smear

back 170

babesiosis culture/diagnosis

front 171

avoid ticks

back 171

babesiosis prevention

front 172

combination therapy with antibacterial + antiprotozoal

back 172

babesiosis treatment

front 173

northeastern and upper midwestern united states

back 173

babesiosis distinctive features

front 174

spotted fever rickettsiosis disease table

back 174

front 175

rickettsia species

back 175

spotted fever rickettsiosis causative agent

front 176

biological vector (tick)

back 176

spotted fever rickettsiosis mode of transmission

front 177

induces apoptosis in cells lining blood vessels

back 177

spotted fever rickettsiosis virulence factors

front 178

fluorescent antibody, PCR

back 178

spotted fever rickettsiosis culture/diagnosis

front 179

avoid ticks

back 179

spotted fever rickettsiosis prevention

front 180

doxycycline

back 180

spotted fever rickettsiosis treatment

front 181

rocky mountain spotted fever is most severe of the rickettsioses

back 181

spotted fever rickettsiosis distinctive features

front 182

only in americas; 10-fold increase since 2000

back 182

spotted fever rickettsiosis epidemiological features

front 183

chagas disease table

back 183

front 184

trypanosoma cruzi

back 184

chagas causative agent

front 185

biological vector (tratomine bug), vertical

back 185

chagas mode of transmission

front 186

antioxidant enzymes, co-opting host antigens; induces autoimmunity

back 186

chagas virulence factors

front 187

blood smear in acute phase; serological methods in later stages

back 187

chagas culture/diagnosis

front 188

insect control

back 188

chagas prevention

front 189

consult CDC

back 189

chagas treatment

front 190

endemic in central and south america; 230,000 cases present in the united states; considered a neglected parasitic infection

back 190

chagas epidemiological features

front 191

malaria disease table

back 191

front 192

plasmodium falciparum, p. vivax, p. ovale, p. malariae, p. knowlesi

back 192

malaria causative agents

front 193

biological vector (mosquito_, vertical

back 193

malaria mode of transmission

front 194

multiple life stages; multiple antigenic types, ability to scavenge glucose, GPI toxin, cytoadherence

back 194

malaria virulence factors

front 195

blood smear; serological methods

back 195

malaria culture/diagnosis

front 196

mosquito control; use of bed nets; for children in endemic areas now beginning use of RTS, S vaccine; prophylactic antiprotozoal agents

back 196

malaria prevention

front 197

arteminisin, combination therapy; consult WHO

back 197

malaria treatment

front 198

united states: cases are generally in travelers or immigrants; internationally, 300 million cases in"malaria belt"; half million deaths per year; more deadly in children

back 198

malaria epidemiological features

front 199

HIV and AIDS disease table

back 199

front 200

human immunodeficiency virus 1 or 2

back 200

HIV causative agent

front 201

direct contact (sexual), parenteral (blood-borne), vertical (perinatal and via breast milk)

back 201

HIV mode of transmission

front 202

attachment, syncytia formation, reverse transcriptase, high mutation rate

back 202

HIV virulence factors

front 203

immunoassay to detect antibodies as well as HIV antigen

back 203

HIV culture/diagnosis

front 204

avoidance of contact with infected sex partner, contaminated blood, breast milk; pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) for high-risk individuals

back 204

HIV prevention

front 205

antiretroviral regiment begun as early as possible

back 205

HIV treatment

front 206

united states: HIV infection = 1.2 million

internationally: HIV infection = 38 million

back 206

HIV epidemiological features

front 207

gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria

back 207

bacillus anthracis

front 208

gram-positive bacteria

back 208

staphylococcus aureus

streptococcus pyogenes

streptococcus pneumoniae

enterococcus

front 209

gram-negative bacteria

back 209

pseudomonas aeruginosa

yersinia pestis

francisella tularensis

borrelia burgdorferi

brucella abortus, B. suiss

coxiella burnetii

bartonella henselea

bartonella quintana

ehrlichia species

anaplasma species

rickettsia species

front 210

DNA virus

back 210

epstein0barr virus

front 211

RNA viruses

back 211

SARS-CoV-2

yellow fever virus

dengue fever virus

chikungunya virus

ebola and marburg viruses

lassa fever virus

front 212

retroviruses

back 212

human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2

front 213

protozoa

back 213

babesia species

trypanosoma cruzi

plasmodium falciparum, p. vivax, p. ovale, p. malariae