EXAM 2 BMD 420 Flashcards

1. Hypercapnia leads to which acid-base imbalance?

A. Respiratory alkalosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Metabolic alkalosis

2. In respiratory alkalosis, arterial blood shows:

A. ↑ PaCO₂, ↑ HCO₃⁻
B. ↓ PaCO₂, ↓ HCO₃⁻
C. ↑ PaCO₂, ↓ HCO₃⁻
D. ↓ PaCO₂, ↑ HCO₃⁻

3. Compensated metabolic acidosis is characterized by:

A. ↑ pH and ↓ CO₂

B. ↓ pH corrected by ↓ PaCO₂

C. ↑ pH corrected by ↑ PaCO₂

D. Normal pH with ↑ HCO₃⁻

4. A patient with decompensated respiratory acidosis will show:

A. ↓ CO₂ and ↓ pH

B. ↑ CO₂ and ↓ pH

C. ↓ CO₂ and ↑ pH

D. ↑ CO₂ and normal pH

5. Yellow-green, thick sputum indicates:

A. Viral infection

B. Fungal infection

C. Allergic response

D. Bacterial infection

6. Orthopnea refers to:

A. Shortness of breath while walking

B. Difficulty breathing when lying flat

C. Nighttime coughing

D. Chest pain with inspiration

7. Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) is most common in:

A. Elderly men

B. Adolescents

C. Young children

D. Infants under 6 months

8. The most common cause of croup is:

A. Streptococcus

B. Parainfluenza virus

C. Rhinovirus

D. Mycoplasma

9. Severe hypoxia in pneumonia develops because of:

A. Bronchoconstriction

B. Fluid and exudate in alveoli

C. Pulmonary embolism

D. Air trapping

10. The main defect in cystic fibrosis is:

A. Autoimmune inflammation

B. Defective CFTR gene causing thick mucus

C. Viral damage to lung tissue

D. Decreased surfactant production

11. Persistent thick mucus in CF may cause:

A. Pneumothorax

B. Airway obstruction and infection

C. Pulmonary embolism

D. Pleural effusion

12. Respiratory obstruction during an asthma attack occurs due to:

A. Airway fibrosis

B. Mucus, inflammation, and bronchoconstriction

C. Surfactant loss

D. Alveolar destruction

13. In Addison’s disease, hormonal imbalances include:

A. ↑ Cortisol and ↑ Aldosterone

B. ↓ Cortisol and ↓ Aldosterone

C. ↑ Cortisol and ↓ Aldosterone

D. Normal hormones

14. Glycosuria in diabetes occurs because:

A. The renal threshold for glucose is exceeded

B. The kidneys secrete glucose

C. Glucose is converted to ketones

D. The pancreas overproduces insulin

15. Which condition can cause immunosuppression?

A. Hyperthyroidism

B. HIV infection

C. Influenza

D. Hypoglycemia

16. Early vomiting causes:

A. Metabolic acidosis

B. Metabolic alkalosis

C. Respiratory acidosis

D. Respiratory alkalosis

17. Common signs of acute gastritis include:

A. Constipation and bloating

B. Nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain

C. Diarrhea and cramping

D. Jaundice

18. Chronic bleeding from gastric carcinoma leads to:

A. Iron-deficiency anemia

B. Polycythemia

C. Leukopenia

D. Thrombocytosis

19. The hepatitis type most often spread by blood transfusion is:

A. Hepatitis A

B. Hepatitis B

C. Hepatitis C

D. Hepatitis D

20. Malnutrition in celiac disease occurs due to:

A. Excess mucus secretion

B. Loss of intestinal villi and poor absorption

C. Lack of pancreatic enzymes

D. Increased appetite

21. Stool in ulcerative colitis typically is:

A. Hard and dry

B. Fatty and pale

C. Bloody with mucus

D. Watery and green

22. Anemia in ulcerative colitis results from:

A. Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency

B. Chronic blood loss

C. Bone marrow failure

D. Iron overload

23. Prolonged diarrhea causes:

A. Metabolic alkalosis

B. Respiratory acidosis

C. Metabolic acidosis

D. Respiratory alkalosis

24. Normal urine contains all of the following except:

A. Urea

B. Glucose

C. Electrolytes

D. Water

25. Chronic kidney inflammation may lead to:

A. Hypertension and renal failure

B. Pulmonary edema

C. Liver cirrhosis

D. Kidney enlargement only

26. Ureteral obstruction by a renal calculus presents with:

A. Dull back pain

B. Severe flank pain and hematuria

C. Right lower quadrant pain

D. Asymptomatic findings

27. Nephrosclerosis can lead to:

A. Hypotension

B. Chronic renal failure and hypertension

C. Pulmonary fibrosis

D. Kidney enlargement

28. Chronic renal failure weakens bones due to:

A. Hypercalcemia

B. Low vitamin D activation and hypocalcemia

C. Increased parathyroid hormone

D. Bone infection

29. Severe pain with endometriosis occurs because:

A. Cancerous changes

B. Tissue bleeding outside uterus causing inflammation

C. Ovarian cyst rupture

D. Hormone excess

30. Common complication of leiomyoma (fibroid):

A. Heavy menstrual bleeding

B. Ovarian torsion

C. Endometriosis

D. Amenorrhea

31. Bleeding between menstrual periods is called:

A. Menorrhagia

B. Metrorrhagia

C. Dysmenorrhea

D. Amenorrhea

32. The grading of malignant tumors is based on:

A. Tumor size

B. Degree of differentiation

C. Location

D. Number of lymph nodes

33. Paraneoplastic syndrome refers to:

A. Spread of cancer to bones

B. Systemic effects of cancer not due to local invasion

C. Benign tumor growth

D. Chemotherapy side effects

34. Tumor staging helps determine:

A. The cause of the tumor

B. Treatment plan and prognosis

C. Cell morphology

D. Tumor grade

35. Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis because:

A. It occurs in men

B. It is detected late after metastasis

C. It responds well to treatment

D. It causes early pain

36. Cell-cycle–specific antimitotic drugs act in:

A. G₁ phase

B. S phase

C. M phase

D. G₂ phase

37. Aging-related changes include:

A. Increased muscle and bone mass

B. Decreased elasticity and metabolism

C. Increased cardiac output

D. Increased renal function

38. To reduce osteoporosis risk:

A. Avoid exercise

B. Increase caffeine intake

C. Consume calcium and vitamin D, exercise

D. Reduce protein intake

39. During stress, heart and brain function improve due to:

A. Decreased blood glucose

B. Increased parasympathetic tone

C. Increased sympathetic activity and glucose availability

D. Decreased cardiac output

40. The three stages of the stress response are:

A. Shock, Recovery, Exhaustion

B. Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

C. Fight, Flight, Rest

D. Anxiety, Depression, Acceptance

41. Lead poisoning may cause:

A. Hypoglycemia

B. Neurologic damage and anemia

C. Dehydration

D. Hyperkalemia

42. Bites and stings can cause disease by:

A. Mechanical injury only

B. Infection, toxins, or allergic reactions

C. Blood clotting

D. Inflammation only

43. Difference between peritoneal and hemodialysis:

A. Peritoneal uses a machine; hemodialysis uses the abdomen

B. Peritoneal uses peritoneum as filter; hemodialysis uses machine

C. Both are identical

D. Hemodialysis uses lungs for filtration

44. Common cause of pancreatitis:

A. Gallstones or alcohol use

B. Bacterial infection

C. Viral hepatitis

D. High calcium intake

45. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is caused by:

A. Direct bacterial infection

B. Immune complex deposition after strep infection

C. Viral toxins

D. Autoantibody destruction of nephrons