front 1 1. Hypercapnia leads to which acid-base imbalance? A. Respiratory alkalosis | back 1 C. Respiratory acidosis |
front 2 2. In respiratory alkalosis, arterial blood shows: A. ↑ PaCO₂, ↑ HCO₃⁻ | back 2 B. ↓ PaCO₂, ↓ HCO₃⁻ |
front 3 3. Compensated metabolic acidosis is characterized by: A. ↑ pH and ↓ CO₂ B. ↓ pH corrected by ↓ PaCO₂ C. ↑ pH corrected by ↑ PaCO₂ D. Normal pH with ↑ HCO₃⁻ | back 3 B. ↓ pH corrected by ↓ PaCO₂ |
front 4 4. A patient with decompensated respiratory acidosis will show: A. ↓ CO₂ and ↓ pH B. ↑ CO₂ and ↓ pH C. ↓ CO₂ and ↑ pH D. ↑ CO₂ and normal pH | back 4 B. ↑ CO₂ and ↓ pH |
front 5 5. Yellow-green, thick sputum indicates: A. Viral infection B. Fungal infection C. Allergic response D. Bacterial infection | back 5 D. Bacterial infection |
front 6 6. Orthopnea refers to: A. Shortness of breath while walking B. Difficulty breathing when lying flat C. Nighttime coughing D. Chest pain with inspiration | back 6 B. Difficulty breathing when lying flat |
front 7 7. Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) is most common in: A. Elderly men B. Adolescents C. Young children D. Infants under 6 months | back 7 C. Young children |
front 8 8. The most common cause of croup is: A. Streptococcus B. Parainfluenza virus C. Rhinovirus D. Mycoplasma | back 8 B. Parainfluenza virus |
front 9 9. Severe hypoxia in pneumonia develops because of: A. Bronchoconstriction B. Fluid and exudate in alveoli C. Pulmonary embolism D. Air trapping | back 9 B. Fluid and exudate in alveoli |
front 10 10. The main defect in cystic fibrosis is: A. Autoimmune inflammation B. Defective CFTR gene causing thick mucus C. Viral damage to lung tissue D. Decreased surfactant production | back 10 B. Defective CFTR gene causing thick mucus |
front 11 11. Persistent thick mucus in CF may cause: A. Pneumothorax B. Airway obstruction and infection C. Pulmonary embolism D. Pleural effusion | back 11 B. Airway obstruction and infection |
front 12 12. Respiratory obstruction during an asthma attack occurs due to: A. Airway fibrosis B. Mucus, inflammation, and bronchoconstriction C. Surfactant loss D. Alveolar destruction | back 12 B. Mucus, inflammation, and bronchoconstriction |
front 13 13. In Addison’s disease, hormonal imbalances include: A. ↑ Cortisol and ↑ Aldosterone B. ↓ Cortisol and ↓ Aldosterone C. ↑ Cortisol and ↓ Aldosterone D. Normal hormones | back 13 B. ↓ Cortisol and ↓ Aldosterone |
front 14 14. Glycosuria in diabetes occurs because: A. The renal threshold for glucose is exceeded B. The kidneys secrete glucose C. Glucose is converted to ketones D. The pancreas overproduces insulin | back 14 A. The renal threshold for glucose is exceeded |
front 15 15. Which condition can cause immunosuppression? A. Hyperthyroidism B. HIV infection C. Influenza D. Hypoglycemia | back 15 B. HIV infection |
front 16 16. Early vomiting causes: A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis | back 16 B. Metabolic alkalosis |
front 17 17. Common signs of acute gastritis include: A. Constipation and bloating B. Nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain C. Diarrhea and cramping D. Jaundice | back 17 B. Nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain |
front 18 18. Chronic bleeding from gastric carcinoma leads to: A. Iron-deficiency anemia B. Polycythemia C. Leukopenia D. Thrombocytosis | back 18 A. Iron-deficiency anemia |
front 19 19. The hepatitis type most often spread by blood transfusion is: A. Hepatitis A B. Hepatitis B C. Hepatitis C D. Hepatitis D | back 19 C. Hepatitis C |
front 20 20. Malnutrition in celiac disease occurs due to: A. Excess mucus secretion B. Loss of intestinal villi and poor absorption C. Lack of pancreatic enzymes D. Increased appetite | back 20 B. Loss of intestinal villi and poor absorption |
front 21 21. Stool in ulcerative colitis typically is: A. Hard and dry B. Fatty and pale C. Bloody with mucus D. Watery and green | back 21 C. Bloody with mucus |
front 22 22. Anemia in ulcerative colitis results from: A. Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency B. Chronic blood loss C. Bone marrow failure D. Iron overload | back 22 B. Chronic blood loss |
front 23 23. Prolonged diarrhea causes: A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Respiratory acidosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis | back 23 C. Metabolic acidosis |
front 24 24. Normal urine contains all of the following except: A. Urea B. Glucose C. Electrolytes D. Water | back 24 B. Glucose |
front 25 25. Chronic kidney inflammation may lead to: A. Hypertension and renal failure B. Pulmonary edema C. Liver cirrhosis D. Kidney enlargement only | back 25 A. Hypertension and renal failure |
front 26 26. Ureteral obstruction by a renal calculus presents with: A. Dull back pain B. Severe flank pain and hematuria C. Right lower quadrant pain D. Asymptomatic findings | back 26 B. Severe flank pain and hematuria |
front 27 27. Nephrosclerosis can lead to: A. Hypotension B. Chronic renal failure and hypertension C. Pulmonary fibrosis D. Kidney enlargement | back 27 B. Chronic renal failure and hypertension |
front 28 28. Chronic renal failure weakens bones due to: A. Hypercalcemia B. Low vitamin D activation and hypocalcemia C. Increased parathyroid hormone D. Bone infection | back 28 B. Low vitamin D activation and hypocalcemia |
front 29 29. Severe pain with endometriosis occurs because: A. Cancerous changes B. Tissue bleeding outside uterus causing inflammation C. Ovarian cyst rupture D. Hormone excess | back 29 B. Tissue bleeding outside uterus causing inflammation |
front 30 30. Common complication of leiomyoma (fibroid): A. Heavy menstrual bleeding B. Ovarian torsion C. Endometriosis D. Amenorrhea | back 30 A. Heavy menstrual bleeding |
front 31 31. Bleeding between menstrual periods is called: A. Menorrhagia B. Metrorrhagia C. Dysmenorrhea D. Amenorrhea | back 31 B. Metrorrhagia |
front 32 32. The grading of malignant tumors is based on: A. Tumor size B. Degree of differentiation C. Location D. Number of lymph nodes | back 32 B. Degree of differentiation |
front 33 33. Paraneoplastic syndrome refers to: A. Spread of cancer to bones B. Systemic effects of cancer not due to local invasion C. Benign tumor growth D. Chemotherapy side effects | back 33 B. Systemic effects of cancer not due to local invasion |
front 34 34. Tumor staging helps determine: A. The cause of the tumor B. Treatment plan and prognosis C. Cell morphology D. Tumor grade | back 34 B. Treatment plan and prognosis |
front 35 35. Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis because: A. It occurs in men B. It is detected late after metastasis C. It responds well to treatment D. It causes early pain | back 35 B. It is detected late after metastasis |
front 36 36. Cell-cycle–specific antimitotic drugs act in: A. G₁ phase B. S phase C. M phase D. G₂ phase | back 36 C. M phase |
front 37 37. Aging-related changes include: A. Increased muscle and bone mass B. Decreased elasticity and metabolism C. Increased cardiac output D. Increased renal function | back 37 B. Decreased elasticity and metabolism |
front 38 38. To reduce osteoporosis risk: A. Avoid exercise B. Increase caffeine intake C. Consume calcium and vitamin D, exercise D. Reduce protein intake | back 38 C. Consume calcium and vitamin D, exercise |
front 39 39. During stress, heart and brain function improve due to: A. Decreased blood glucose B. Increased parasympathetic tone C. Increased sympathetic activity and glucose availability D. Decreased cardiac output | back 39 C. Increased sympathetic activity and glucose availability |
front 40 40. The three stages of the stress response are: A. Shock, Recovery, Exhaustion B. Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion C. Fight, Flight, Rest D. Anxiety, Depression, Acceptance | back 40 B. Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion |
front 41 41. Lead poisoning may cause: A. Hypoglycemia B. Neurologic damage and anemia C. Dehydration D. Hyperkalemia | back 41 B. Neurologic damage and anemia |
front 42 42. Bites and stings can cause disease by: A. Mechanical injury only B. Infection, toxins, or allergic reactions C. Blood clotting D. Inflammation only | back 42 B. Infection, toxins, or allergic reactions |
front 43 43. Difference between peritoneal and hemodialysis: A. Peritoneal uses a machine; hemodialysis uses the abdomen B. Peritoneal uses peritoneum as filter; hemodialysis uses machine C. Both are identical D. Hemodialysis uses lungs for filtration | back 43 B. Peritoneal uses peritoneum as filter; hemodialysis uses machine |
front 44 44. Common cause of pancreatitis: A. Gallstones or alcohol use B. Bacterial infection C. Viral hepatitis D. High calcium intake | back 44 A. Gallstones or alcohol use |
front 45 45. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is caused by: A. Direct bacterial infection B. Immune complex deposition after strep infection C. Viral toxins D. Autoantibody destruction of nephrons | back 45 B. Immune complex deposition after strep infection |