AP Bio, ecology Flashcards

All organisms in same species in same locale

Balance between births and deaths (Deaths, births, immigration, and emigration can change)

Clumped: most common; packs, herds, aggregate where conditions are most ideal

Uniform: evenly spaced; result of territoriality

Random; absence of strong attraction or repulsion

The maximum rate of natural increase (r) possible under ideal conditions, exponential increase

K: equilibrium species, specialists, large, long life, few offspring, care for young (S curve)

r: opportunistic species, large numbers of offspring, little or no care, pioneer organisms.

Birth or death rate does not change as a result of population density

Death rate rises as population density increases, such as competition, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic waste, and intrinsic factors

1 species limits access to resource

1 species gets more of a resource and hampers survival, growth or reproduction of other species

1 species eliminate another in a particular area through competition for limited resources, no 2 organisms can occupy the same niche

Results: extinction, migration, resource partitioning, and character displacement.

where closely related species that live in the same area become more different over time to reduce competition for resources or mates

Interaction without symbiosis

proportion of each species

number of different species

limited by inefficiency of energy transfer

represents the # of organisms at each trophic level

amount of biomass or carbon in an ecosystem (biomass are organic material from plants and animals that stores solar energy and can be used as a renewable energy source)

most terrestrial- more biomass in the producers

most aquatic- more biomass in primary consumers

long food chains less stable than short food chains

Top down: consumers control structure

Biomanipulation

Bottom Up: environmental factors control primary producers

Transition in the species composition of an area usually following a disturbance

no soil, bare substrate.

1. Beings when bare rock forms, due to volcanic eruption, glacier retreat, strip mining. with no organic material no nutrient soil for plant growth

2. Pioneer species settle and grow on new rock, such as lichen (fungi and protists) they obtain h2o and nutrients from atmosphere and algae produces carbs from photosynthesis

3. Soil forms as lichen break down rock into smaller particles. Organic material form dead organisms increase early colonizing plants are nitrogen fixing. Wo/soil, grasses, ferns, and herbs can grow and provides habitat

4.Once soil has organic material, larger plants like shrubs and trees can grow. More animals will be attracted to the area and once steady state, ecosystem is established. This can take up to 1800 years to reach climax community

Soil intact (Aquatic is secondary, "pond succession")

1. Beings after an event reduces an established ecosystem on established soil. Occurs from events such as hurricane, farming land that was abandoned.

2. There may be seeds, root, and underground plant parts. Grasses and other small plants start growing first annuals

3. Slower growing shrubs and trees begin growing. Smaller pines grow first—seeds may be more resistant to fire. Larger trees begin to grown again

4. Forest fire can cause an increase in Co2 in the area and have a negative impact. Some pines have adapted to only disperse seeds after a forest fire. This process cane take up to 300 years for the ecosystem to recover.

Energy is constant, cannot be created or destroyed.

Energy transfers increase entropy, since it is lost as heat

the role a species plays in the community

among individuals of the same species

between members of different species

When one species evolve to look like another species, or an object to grain survival advantage

Mimic mating calls. Such as katydid attracts male cicadas by sounding like a female

Mullerian mimicry: two harmful mimic each other

Balesian mimicry: harmless mimics a harmful

Some niches are more important than others and have a large effect with fewer numbers, maintains stability of ecosystem and often a top predator that keeps primary consumer population in check.

Have a wide geographic range, need large range to migrate and prey on organisms in several areas. They are similar to a keystone species

Unique role in creating and maintaining a ecosystem

Change the geography of their habitat, create, modify and maintain the environments change biotic and abiotic factors

Species that is really sensitive to environmental changes, like air and h20 pollution

Scientists use these species for warning signs