front 1 Populations | back 1 All organisms in same species in same locale |
front 2 Population Equilibrium | back 2 Balance between births and deaths (Deaths, births, immigration, and emigration can change) |
front 3 Dispersion | back 3 Clumped: most common; packs, herds, aggregate where conditions are most ideal Uniform: evenly spaced; result of territoriality Random; absence of strong attraction or repulsion |
front 4 Biotic potential | back 4 The maximum rate of natural increase (r) possible under ideal conditions, exponential increase |
front 5 Strategists | back 5 K: equilibrium species, specialists, large, long life, few offspring, care for young (S curve) r: opportunistic species, large numbers of offspring, little or no care, pioneer organisms. |
front 6 Density independent | back 6 Birth or death rate does not change as a result of population density |
front 7 Density dependent factors | back 7 Death rate rises as population density increases, such as competition, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic waste, and intrinsic factors |
front 8 Interference Competition | back 8 1 species limits access to resource |
front 9 Exploitation competition | back 9 1 species gets more of a resource and hampers survival, growth or reproduction of other species |
front 10 Competitive Exclusion principle | back 10 1 species eliminate another in a particular area through competition for limited resources, no 2 organisms can occupy the same niche Results: extinction, migration, resource partitioning, and character displacement. |
front 11 Character displacement | back 11 where closely related species that live in the same area become more different over time to reduce competition for resources or mates |
front 12 Facilitation | back 12 Interaction without symbiosis |
front 13 no data | back 13 proportion of each species |
front 14 Richness | back 14 number of different species |
front 15 Energetic hypothesis | back 15 limited by inefficiency of energy transfer |
front 16 Pyramid of Numbers | back 16 represents the # of organisms at each trophic level |
front 17 Pyramid of Biomass | back 17 amount of biomass or carbon in an ecosystem (biomass are organic material from plants and animals that stores solar energy and can be used as a renewable energy source) most terrestrial- more biomass in the producers most aquatic- more biomass in primary consumers |
front 18 Dynamic Stability hypothesis | back 18 long food chains less stable than short food chains |
front 19 Top-down vs bottom-up | back 19 Top down: consumers control structure Biomanipulation Bottom Up: environmental factors control primary producers |
front 20 Ecological succession | back 20 Transition in the species composition of an area usually following a disturbance |
front 21 Primary Succession | back 21 no soil, bare substrate. 1. Beings when bare rock forms, due to volcanic eruption, glacier retreat, strip mining. with no organic material no nutrient soil for plant growth 2. Pioneer species settle and grow on new rock, such as lichen (fungi and protists) they obtain h2o and nutrients from atmosphere and algae produces carbs from photosynthesis 3. Soil forms as lichen break down rock into smaller particles. Organic material form dead organisms increase early colonizing plants are nitrogen fixing. Wo/soil, grasses, ferns, and herbs can grow and provides habitat 4.Once soil has organic material, larger plants like shrubs and trees can grow. More animals will be attracted to the area and once steady state, ecosystem is established. This can take up to 1800 years to reach climax community |
front 22 Secondary Succession | back 22 Soil intact (Aquatic is secondary, "pond succession") 1. Beings after an event reduces an established ecosystem on established soil. Occurs from events such as hurricane, farming land that was abandoned. 2. There may be seeds, root, and underground plant parts. Grasses and other small plants start growing first annuals 3. Slower growing shrubs and trees begin growing. Smaller pines grow first—seeds may be more resistant to fire. Larger trees begin to grown again 4. Forest fire can cause an increase in Co2 in the area and have a negative impact. Some pines have adapted to only disperse seeds after a forest fire. This process cane take up to 300 years for the ecosystem to recover. |
front 23 Laws of thermodynamics | back 23 Energy is constant, cannot be created or destroyed. Energy transfers increase entropy, since it is lost as heat |
front 24 Niche | back 24 the role a species plays in the community |
front 25 Infraspecific competition | back 25 among individuals of the same species |
front 26 Interspecific competition | back 26 between members of different species |
front 27 Mimicry | back 27 When one species evolve to look like another species, or an object to grain survival advantage |
front 28 Predators that use mimicry | back 28 Mimic mating calls. Such as katydid attracts male cicadas by sounding like a female |
front 29 Prey that use mimicry | back 29 Mullerian mimicry: two harmful mimic each other Balesian mimicry: harmless mimics a harmful |
front 30 Keystone Species | back 30 Some niches are more important than others and have a large effect with fewer numbers, maintains stability of ecosystem and often a top predator that keeps primary consumer population in check. |
front 31 Umbrella Species | back 31 Have a wide geographic range, need large range to migrate and prey on organisms in several areas. They are similar to a keystone species |
front 32 Foundation species | back 32 Unique role in creating and maintaining a ecosystem |
front 33 Ecosystem Engineers | back 33 Change the geography of their habitat, create, modify and maintain the environments change biotic and abiotic factors |
front 34 Bioindicator or Sentinel Species | back 34 Species that is really sensitive to environmental changes, like air and h20 pollution Scientists use these species for warning signs |