chapters 6-12 Flashcards

derived from living matter and contain carbon

(A,D,E, AND K)- More stable to environment influences; absorbed with fat; stored in body

(B vitamins and C)- less stable to environmental influences; only b12 stored for any length of time

• chemical necessary for vision
• normal bone growth

already in a complete state in ingested foods

requires conversion in the body to become complete

• anorexia
• growth retardation
• increased susceptibility to infection

• increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus
• stimulates bone cells to build tissue
• signals kidney to return calcium to bloodstream, not. excrete it in urine

• rickets- in children; still a risk, especially to dark-skinned breastfed infants
• osteomalacia- in adults; low D intake and/or little sun exposure can cause a bone disease in adults analogous to rickets in children

take on oxygen preventing surrounding molecules from becoming unstable

• protects cell membranes

canola and olive oils highest in alpha-tocopherol (one of the components of vitamin e and is present in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds or produced synthetically. it is the predominant form of vitamin E in the human body and in supplements.)

blood clotting- necessary for the liver to make prothrombin and other clotting factors

bone metabolism- facilities synthesis of a calcium- binding protein

• varies from person to person
• not sufficient as sole source

• strong, fibrous protien in connective tissue

more sensitive to oxidation than vitamin A &E

• function- coenzyme in energy metabolism
• source: meat; fish; poultry; whole, enriched, or fortified grains; coffee;tea

coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids

necessary for the formation of DNA, thus participates in the reproduction of every cell

• become part of body composition
• help to regulate the bodily functions
• essential to good health

• provides hardness to bones and teeth
• serves as catalyst in muscle contractions

bone mineral density (BMD)

• result- fractures
• spine
• hip
• forearm (sentinel event)

• smoking
• alcohol consumption

• maintain fluid balance
• helps transmit impulses along nerves and muscle fibers
• where salt goes water has to follow- where sodium goes water goes

green vegetables (magnesium is a part of the chlorophyll molecule)

major role in maintaining fluid and acid-base balance

• 88% is found in extracellular fluids- stomach
• 12% is found in intercellular fluids
• excreted primarily by kidney as. a result of sodium regulation
• when sodiums gone, chloride goes with it

• essential in formation of hemoglobin
• primary storage form in body is ferritin

most significant worldwide deficiency

most common cause of pediatric poisoning in united states.

70%-80% found in thyroid gland

major contribution to human health relates to its role in preventing dental caries

found in all tissues, organs, and body fluids

- 86% in skeletal muscle and bones

- abundent in central nervous system, where it affects transmission of impulses

highest concentrations occur in the thyroid gland, kidneys, liver, heart, pancreas, and muscle

single largest body substance

retained in certain disease processes (edema) of interstitial fluid:

fluid-kidney diseases, sodium retention, and protein deficiency

gives the body shape and form

helps maintain blood volume and pressure

serves as a lubricant

helps regulate body temperature

acts as a solvent for minerals, glucose, and other. small molecule

hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic

systolic and diastolic

effected by waters and proteins

cause body retain sodium (salt retaining hormone)

measured by a scale called ph for potential of hydrogen

• acids are rated 0-6.999, 7.0 is neutral
• bases (alkalis) are greater than 7
• the ph scale ranges from 0-14

7.35-7.45

kidneys, lungs, and buffers

food is broken down mechanically and chemically in the gastrointestinal tract

the elimination of anything the body cannot use

• liver- produces bile
• gall bladder- stores bile
• pancreas- secrete enzymes

second largest organ

concentrates and stores bile until it is need In the small intestine

secretes enzymes involved with digestion of all energy nutrients

• mechanical- physical "breaking down" of food: mastication, peristalsis
• chemical- chemical "breaking down" of food: enzymes, hydrolysis

a process of breaking down non soluble fats- takes place in the small intestine

• vitamin C- necessary for collagen formation and tissue building
• vitamin B- concentrated and stored in the fetal liver- provides infant stores to sustain them for the first several months of lfie
• folic acid- decrease neural tube defects
• vitami A,E, and K- Amounts remain the same
• vitamin d- multiple growth and development uses

iron- supports the mothers increased blood volume, support fetal red blood cells, placenta, umbilical cord

calcium

iodine, fluoride, zinc

• infection-fighting agents-immunoglobulin A (IgA) and leukocytes
• allergy prevention- correct proteins, hydrolyzed, less likely cause allergic response
• obesity- evidence suggest decreased obesity later in breastfed infants

ear/nose/throat, gasterointestinal, urinary, musculoskeletal, and nervous system