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54 notecards = 14 pages (4 cards per page)

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chapters 6-12

front 1

vitamins are organic substances

back 1

derived from living matter and contain carbon

front 2

fat soluble

back 2

(A,D,E, AND K)- More stable to environment influences; absorbed with fat; stored in body

front 3

water soluble

back 3

(B vitamins and C)- less stable to environmental influences; only b12 stored for any length of time

front 4

vitamin A

back 4

  • chemical necessary for vision
  • normal bone growth

front 5

preformed vitamin

back 5

already in a complete state in ingested foods

front 6

provitamin

back 6

requires conversion in the body to become complete

front 7

vitamin a deficiency

back 7

  • anorexia
  • growth retardation
  • increased susceptibility to infection

front 8

vitamin d functions

back 8

  • increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus
  • stimulates bone cells to build tissue
  • signals kidney to return calcium to bloodstream, not. excrete it in urine

front 9

vitamins d deficiency

back 9

  • rickets- in children; still a risk, especially to dark-skinned breastfed infants
  • osteomalacia- in adults; low D intake and/or little sun exposure can cause a bone disease in adults analogous to rickets in children

front 10

antioxidant

back 10

take on oxygen preventing surrounding molecules from becoming unstable

  • protects cell membranes

front 11

vegetable oil

back 11

canola and olive oils highest in alpha-tocopherol (one of the components of vitamin e and is present in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds or produced synthetically. it is the predominant form of vitamin E in the human body and in supplements.)

front 12

vitamin k functions

back 12

blood clotting- necessary for the liver to make prothrombin and other clotting factors

bone metabolism- facilities synthesis of a calcium- binding protein

front 13

intestinal synthesiis

back 13

  • varies from person to person
  • not sufficient as sole source

front 14

vitamin c functions :

collagen synthesis

back 14

  • strong, fibrous protien in connective tissue

front 15

vitamin c function:

antioxidant

back 15

more sensitive to oxidation than vitamin A &E

front 16

niacin

back 16

  • function- coenzyme in energy metabolism
  • source: meat; fish; poultry; whole, enriched, or fortified grains; coffee;tea

front 17

vitamin b 6 function

back 17

coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids

front 18

folate/ folic acid functions

back 18

necessary for the formation of DNA, thus participates in the reproduction of every cell

front 19

Inorganic

back 19

  • become part of body composition
  • help to regulate the bodily functions
  • essential to good health

front 20

calcium functions

back 20

  • provides hardness to bones and teeth
  • serves as catalyst in muscle contractions

front 21

osteoporosis

back 21

bone mineral density (BMD)

front 22

calcium deficiencies

back 22

  • result- fractures
  • spine
  • hip
  • forearm (sentinel event)

front 23

two factors affecting bone health and growth

back 23

  • smoking
  • alcohol consumption

front 24

sodium functions and sources

back 24

  • maintain fluid balance
  • helps transmit impulses along nerves and muscle fibers
  • where salt goes water has to follow- where sodium goes water goes

front 25

magnesium sources

back 25

green vegetables (magnesium is a part of the chlorophyll molecule)

front 26

Chloride

back 26

major role in maintaining fluid and acid-base balance

  • 88% is found in extracellular fluids- stomach
  • 12% is found in intercellular fluids
  • excreted primarily by kidney as. a result of sodium regulation
  • when sodiums gone, chloride goes with it

front 27

iron

back 27

  • essential in formation of hemoglobin
  • primary storage form in body is ferritin

front 28

iron deficiency

back 28

most significant worldwide deficiency

front 29

iron toxicity- posion

back 29

most common cause of pediatric poisoning in united states.

front 30

iodine

back 30

70%-80% found in thyroid gland

front 31

fluoride

back 31

major contribution to human health relates to its role in preventing dental caries

front 32

zinc

back 32

found in all tissues, organs, and body fluids

- 86% in skeletal muscle and bones

- abundent in central nervous system, where it affects transmission of impulses

front 33

selenium

back 33

highest concentrations occur in the thyroid gland, kidneys, liver, heart, pancreas, and muscle

front 34

water

back 34

single largest body substance

front 35

absorption

back 35

retained in certain disease processes (edema) of interstitial fluid:

fluid-kidney diseases, sodium retention, and protein deficiency

front 36

water functions

back 36

gives the body shape and form

helps maintain blood volume and pressure

serves as a lubricant

helps regulate body temperature

acts as a solvent for minerals, glucose, and other. small molecule

front 37

osmotic pressure

back 37

hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic

front 38

hydrostatic blood pressure

back 38

systolic and diastolic

effected by waters and proteins

front 39

aldosterone

back 39

cause body retain sodium (salt retaining hormone)

front 40

acidity or alkalinity

back 40

measured by a scale called ph for potential of hydrogen

  • acids are rated 0-6.999, 7.0 is neutral
  • bases (alkalis) are greater than 7
  • the ph scale ranges from 0-14

front 41

the normal pH of the extracellular fluid

back 41

7.35-7.45

front 42

what helps regulate the body's pH

back 42

kidneys, lungs, and buffers

front 43

digestion

back 43

food is broken down mechanically and chemically in the gastrointestinal tract

front 44

excretion

back 44

the elimination of anything the body cannot use

front 45

accessory organs

back 45

  • liver- produces bile
  • gall bladder- stores bile
  • pancreas- secrete enzymes

front 46

liver

back 46

second largest organ

front 47

gall bladder

back 47

concentrates and stores bile until it is need In the small intestine

front 48

pancreas

back 48

secretes enzymes involved with digestion of all energy nutrients

front 49

digestive action

back 49

  • mechanical- physical "breaking down" of food: mastication, peristalsis
  • chemical- chemical "breaking down" of food: enzymes, hydrolysis

front 50

emulsification

back 50

a process of breaking down non soluble fats- takes place in the small intestine

front 51

pregnancy vitamin needs

back 51

  • vitamin C- necessary for collagen formation and tissue building
  • vitamin B- concentrated and stored in the fetal liver- provides infant stores to sustain them for the first several months of lfie
  • folic acid- decrease neural tube defects
  • vitami A,E, and K- Amounts remain the same
  • vitamin d- multiple growth and development uses

front 52

mineral needs for pregnancy

back 52

iron- supports the mothers increased blood volume, support fetal red blood cells, placenta, umbilical cord

calcium

iodine, fluoride, zinc

front 53

nutritional advantages of breast milk

back 53

  • infection-fighting agents-immunoglobulin A (IgA) and leukocytes
  • allergy prevention- correct proteins, hydrolyzed, less likely cause allergic response
  • obesity- evidence suggest decreased obesity later in breastfed infants

front 54

physical changes of aging relating to nutrition

back 54

ear/nose/throat, gasterointestinal, urinary, musculoskeletal, and nervous system