vitamins are organic substances

derived from living matter and contain carbon

fat soluble

(A,D,E, AND K)- More stable to environment influences; absorbed with fat; stored in body

water soluble

(B vitamins and C)- less stable to environmental influences; only b12 stored for any length of time

vitamin A

• chemical necessary for vision
• normal bone growth

preformed vitamin

already in a complete state in ingested foods

provitamin

requires conversion in the body to become complete

vitamin a deficiency

• anorexia
• growth retardation
• increased susceptibility to infection

vitamin d functions

• increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus
• stimulates bone cells to build tissue
• signals kidney to return calcium to bloodstream, not. excrete it in urine

vitamins d deficiency

• rickets- in children; still a risk, especially to dark-skinned breastfed infants
• osteomalacia- in adults; low D intake and/or little sun exposure can cause a bone disease in adults analogous to rickets in children

antioxidant

take on oxygen preventing surrounding molecules from becoming unstable

• protects cell membranes

vegetable oil

canola and olive oils highest in alpha-tocopherol (one of the components of vitamin e and is present in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds or produced synthetically. it is the predominant form of vitamin E in the human body and in supplements.)

vitamin k functions

blood clotting- necessary for the liver to make prothrombin and other clotting factors

bone metabolism- facilities synthesis of a calcium- binding protein

intestinal synthesiis

• varies from person to person
• not sufficient as sole source

vitamin c functions :

collagen synthesis

• strong, fibrous protien in connective tissue

vitamin c function:

antioxidant

more sensitive to oxidation than vitamin A &E

niacin

• function- coenzyme in energy metabolism
• source: meat; fish; poultry; whole, enriched, or fortified grains; coffee;tea

vitamin b 6 function

coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids

folate/ folic acid functions

necessary for the formation of DNA, thus participates in the reproduction of every cell

Inorganic

• become part of body composition
• help to regulate the bodily functions
• essential to good health

calcium functions

• provides hardness to bones and teeth
• serves as catalyst in muscle contractions

osteoporosis

bone mineral density (BMD)

calcium deficiencies

• result- fractures
• spine
• hip
• forearm (sentinel event)

two factors affecting bone health and growth

• smoking
• alcohol consumption

sodium functions and sources

• maintain fluid balance
• helps transmit impulses along nerves and muscle fibers
• where salt goes water has to follow- where sodium goes water goes

magnesium sources

green vegetables (magnesium is a part of the chlorophyll molecule)

Chloride

major role in maintaining fluid and acid-base balance

• 88% is found in extracellular fluids- stomach
• 12% is found in intercellular fluids
• excreted primarily by kidney as. a result of sodium regulation
• when sodiums gone, chloride goes with it

iron

• essential in formation of hemoglobin
• primary storage form in body is ferritin

iron deficiency

most significant worldwide deficiency

iron toxicity- posion

most common cause of pediatric poisoning in united states.

iodine

70%-80% found in thyroid gland

fluoride

major contribution to human health relates to its role in preventing dental caries

zinc

found in all tissues, organs, and body fluids

- 86% in skeletal muscle and bones

- abundent in central nervous system, where it affects transmission of impulses

selenium

highest concentrations occur in the thyroid gland, kidneys, liver, heart, pancreas, and muscle

water

single largest body substance

absorption

retained in certain disease processes (edema) of interstitial fluid:

fluid-kidney diseases, sodium retention, and protein deficiency

water functions

gives the body shape and form

helps maintain blood volume and pressure

serves as a lubricant

helps regulate body temperature

acts as a solvent for minerals, glucose, and other. small molecule

osmotic pressure

hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic

hydrostatic blood pressure

systolic and diastolic

effected by waters and proteins

aldosterone

cause body retain sodium (salt retaining hormone)

acidity or alkalinity

measured by a scale called ph for potential of hydrogen

• acids are rated 0-6.999, 7.0 is neutral
• bases (alkalis) are greater than 7
• the ph scale ranges from 0-14

the normal pH of the extracellular fluid

7.35-7.45

what helps regulate the body's pH

kidneys, lungs, and buffers

digestion

food is broken down mechanically and chemically in the gastrointestinal tract

excretion

the elimination of anything the body cannot use

accessory organs

• liver- produces bile
• gall bladder- stores bile
• pancreas- secrete enzymes

liver

second largest organ

gall bladder

concentrates and stores bile until it is need In the small intestine

pancreas

secretes enzymes involved with digestion of all energy nutrients

digestive action

• mechanical- physical "breaking down" of food: mastication, peristalsis
• chemical- chemical "breaking down" of food: enzymes, hydrolysis

emulsification

a process of breaking down non soluble fats- takes place in the small intestine

pregnancy vitamin needs

• vitamin C- necessary for collagen formation and tissue building
• vitamin B- concentrated and stored in the fetal liver- provides infant stores to sustain them for the first several months of lfie
• folic acid- decrease neural tube defects
• vitami A,E, and K- Amounts remain the same
• vitamin d- multiple growth and development uses

mineral needs for pregnancy

iron- supports the mothers increased blood volume, support fetal red blood cells, placenta, umbilical cord

calcium

iodine, fluoride, zinc

nutritional advantages of breast milk

• infection-fighting agents-immunoglobulin A (IgA) and leukocytes
• allergy prevention- correct proteins, hydrolyzed, less likely cause allergic response
• obesity- evidence suggest decreased obesity later in breastfed infants

physical changes of aging relating to nutrition

ear/nose/throat, gasterointestinal, urinary, musculoskeletal, and nervous system