according to ______ health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
the world health organization (WHO)
prevention of disease occurs on three levels
- primary- living such a way as to prevent the occurrences of disease
- secondary- using self/medical monitoring to notice disease so early intervention is possible
- tertiary- the use of treatment after the occurrence of disease to stop or slow the progression of the disease
classifications of nutrients
- essential nutrients- body requires but cannot manufacture in sufficient amounts to meet bodily needs
- nonessential nutrients- not needed in diet
- conditionally essential nutrient- under most circumstances, a healthy body can manufacture in sufficient quantities
metabolism
the sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in the body
DO NOT become apart of your body
-not energy sources but are facilitators of energy production
vitamins
the body is composed of five types of substances
- water
- protein
- fat
- ash- mineral content of bone
- carbohydrate
BMI
Body mass index
the ideal diet consists of what
balance, moderation, and variety
nutritional status
the Boyds condition related to the intake and use of nutrients
dietary status
describes what you are actually eating.
nutritionally diasnostic
tests using blood, urine, and stool
blood can be analyzed for what
glucose, protein, or fat
urine and stool yields information about what
a person had eaten, what a persons body has stored and how the body is using nutrients
food exchange lists are broken into six categories
- starch
- fruit
- milk
- non starchy veggies
- meat
- fat
the most abundant part of the body
protein
carbohydrates are one of the three energy nutrients
-two major groups:
starches and sugar
glucose is commonly called blood sugar
the body converts all forms of sugar consumed to glucose
comes mostly from breakdown
glucose
two monosaccharides linked together are called
disaccharides
three important disaccharides
- sucrose - white table sugar
- lactose- occurs naturally only in milk
- maltose
three nutritionally important complex carbs
- starch-major source of carbohydrates in diet
- glycogen-store glucose in the liver and skeletal muscle tissue in form of glycogen
- dietary fiber-refers to food, mostly from plants that is non-digestable
primary source of fuel for all cells
carbohydrates
ketosis
fat breakdown
causes fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite
ketosis
whole grain is constructed of three general parts
- bran
- germ
- endosperm
lipids
the true name for fats of all kinds
hydrogenation
if enough hydrogen is added to only break some of the double bonds the fat is considered partially hydrogenated
if all double bonds are broken with added hydrogen the fat is completely what?
hydrogenated
cholesterol
not a true fat but belongs to a group called sterols (important to the body)
the seven major functions of fats in the body
- (1) supply fuel to most tissues
- (2) serves as an energy reserve
- (3) insulate the body
- (4) support and protect vital organs
- (5) lubricate body tissues
- (6) form an integral part of cell membranes
- (7) carrier for fat-soluble vitamins
protein
along with crabs and fats, proteins are energy nutrients
- nutritionally unique and cannot be duplicated by carbs and fats
protein
most organic in the body
the four elements are arranged in building blocks Called what?
amino acids
essential amino acids
cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient amounts to meet metabolic needs
nonessential amino acids
ordinarily can be built by the body in sufficient quantities to meet its need
functions of protein in the body
- structure
- maintenance and growth
- regulation of body processes
- immunity
- circulation
- energy source
anabolism
the building of tissues as in growth or healing
catabolism
the breaking down of tissues into simpler substances
hormones
protein based
enzymes
chemicals that did aid in the body process
nucleoproteins
regulatory complexes found in the nucleus of cells
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are
nucleoproteins involved with protein synthesis
immunity
a protein called an antibody is produced in the presence of a foreign substance or pathogen
albumin
the main protein in the blood
glucose
the most efficient energy source
a process called gluconeogensis
the amino acids are converted into glucose
fat is __ kilocalories per gram
8
complete protein
food that supplies all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity to maintain tissue and support growth
incomplete protein
food that lacks one or more of the essential amino acids.
-does not mean a bad food/ varieties is important
limiting amino acid
essential amino acid undersupplied in a food
endogenous protein
sources from the digestive tract include shed mucosal cells yielding about 50 grams a day
legumes
plants having roots having nitrogen fixing bacteria that lock the nitrogen into the plants structure
- common legume are peas, beans, lentils, and peanuts
ovalactovegretarian
no meat, fish, or poultry
lactovegetarian
no meat, fish, poultry or eggs
ovovegatarian
no meat, fish, poultry, or dairy
homeostasis
energy intake
adaptive thermogenisis
body controls how much energy to put out depending on input
calorie
energy required to raise one kilogram of water one degree celsius
kilo means thousands
1,000 calories= 1 kilocalorie
energy values
- 1 gram of carbohydrates is 4 kcal
- 1 gram of protein is 4 kcal
- 1 gram of fat is 9 kcal
- 1 gram of alcohol is 7 kcal
resting energy
- contraction of heart
- temperature maintenance
- repair of tissues and organs
- metabolism
- muscle/nerve coordination
- breathing
leptin
a hormone that reports body's fat levels to the brain
stomach
gherlin hormone is an appetite inducer
determination of energy values
- foods
- human body (how your body processes the food you eat)
ferobic
decrease cardiovascular disease, improves blood sugar control
areobic
improves physical stability, increases flexibility & decreases risk of injury
kilocalorie density of foods
- refers to the kcal contained in a given volume of food
- fat highest in kcaloric density
- foods high in water and fiber are lowest in kcaloric density
energy balance
exists when energy intake equals energy expenditure
stable body weight
indicates a person is in energy balance